Hoore, Masoud (2018). Modeling Primary Hemostasis. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
The physical properties of blood cells and blood flow are important for various biological functions of blood and for biomedical issues, ranging from blood diseases such as malaria to blood-related applications such as drug delivery. The main objective of this thesis is to study the very early stages of hemostasis, the process which stops bleeding after injury. The plasma protein von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a necessary component in primary hemostasis, especially at high shear rates, when platelets are not able to firmly adhere to an injured vessel wall on their own. A realistic model for this process is developed, in order to better understand how hemostasis occurs in the microvasculature. An important role in primary hemostasis is played by VWF concatemers with lengths of a few to tens of microns. Such large lengths make their size comparable to blood cells, i.e. they interact with blood cells as mesoscale objects in a different manner than the simple plasma. The dynamics of VWFs is studied here by mesoscale hydrodynamic simulations in simple shear and capillary flows, with and without blood cells. VWFs remain collapsed at low shear rates, due to intra-molecular attractions, while they stretch at shear rates beyond a critical value. The shielding of adhesive ligands of VWFs in the collapsed state makes these proteins shear-sensitive, so that VWFs adhere to vessel walls or platelets only when they are stretched. Thus, at high enough shear rates, VWFs and platelets form aggregates triggered by the shear sensitivity of VWFs for adhesion. Such aggregates are reversible and disappear at low shear rates. In blood flow, VWFs migrate toward the vessel walls through a process called margination. VWF margination is mediated by red blood cells since they migrate toward the center of the vessels and push VWFs to the walls. The presence of platelets and stretched VWFs near the vessel walls leads to their spontaneous aggregation. These aggregates are highly porous and deformable and eventually migrate to the center of a blood vessel due to a strong hydrodynamic lift force. Low shear rates at the center of a vessel lead to aggregate dissociation. This is a completely mechanical process which regulates the aggregation and restricts the formation of free-flowing large thrombi. In addition to the mechanical regulation of undesired aggregates, the concentration of large VWFs is controlled by the protease enzyme, ADAMTS13, which cleaves stretched VWFs. Modeling of this process shows that VWF polymers get cleaved gradually from their extruded ends, providing enough time for the hemostatic activity. The size distribution of VWFs obeys a power law according to the model predictions. The new model presented here for VWF and its aggregation with platelets captures detailed realistic behavior of VWFs and aggregates in flow. It allows the simulation of blood flow and coagulation on the cellular level for the first time, in order to interpret the causes of several VWF-related diseases, and find the possible treatment strategies. Also, the proposed models can be employed in more complex cases, like the blood vessel bifurcations, and blood discharge from the capillaries.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-82609 | ||||||||
Date: | 5 March 2018 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Außeruniversitäre Forschungseinrichtungen > Forschungszentrum Jülich | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Physics Life sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 9 May 2018 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/8260 |
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