Dieris, Milan (2018). Amine detection in aquatic organisms: receptor evolution, neuronal circuits and behavior in the model organism zebrafish. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Olfactory cues are responsible for the generation of diverse behaviors in the animal kingdom. Olfactory receptors are expressed by specialized sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory epithelium. Upon odorant binding to the olfactory receptor, these neurons are activated. The information is transferred to the olfactory bulb glomeruli, which represent the first relay station for olfactory processing in the brain. Most olfactory receptors are G-protein coupled receptors and form large gene families. One type of olfactory receptors is the trace amine-associated receptor family (TAAR). TAARs generally recognize amines. One particular member of the zebrafish TAAR family, TAAR13c, is a high-affinity receptor for the death-associated odor cadaverine, which induces aversive behavior. Here, we identified the cell type of amine-sensitive OSNs in the zebrafish nose, which show typical properties of ciliated neurons. We used OSN type-specific markers to unambiguously characterize zebrafish TAAR13c OSNs. Using the neuronal activity marker pERK we could show that low concentrations of cadaverine activate a specific, invariant glomerulus in the dorso-lateral cluster of glomeruli (dlG) in the olfactory bulb of zebrafish. This cluster was also shown to process amine stimuli in general, a feature that is conserved in the neoteleost stickleback. Apart from developing a technique to measure neuronal activity in the adult olfactory epithelium, we also established the use of GCaMP6-expressing zebrafish to measure neuronal activity in the larval brain. This will be helpful in deciphering neuronal circuits involved in odor processing in future experiments. Although adult zebrafish display aversive behavior in response to cadaverine, we found zebrafish larvae to be attracted to cadaverine in a similar behavioral assay. This shift of behavior in the ontogeny of zebrafish has to be further investigated. A TAAR13c gene knock-out could provide important insights into the neuronal processing of diamine stimuli and the role of TAAR13c for the generation of behavioral outputs. Here we used an alternative CRISPR/Cas9 approach to partially knock out the TAAR13c gene. The DNA sequence between two gRNA target sites was deleted from the genome. Further studies will have to characterize this knock-out. II The evolutionary origin of TAARs has not been conclusively described yet. Using a large scale analysis of 81 fish genomes we provide new insights into TAAR evolution. We found that TAARs together with its close sister group, TARLs, which drastically expanded in lamprey, originate in a duplication of the HTR4 gene after the emergence of chordates, but before the divergence of jawed from jawless fish. Class II TAARs are present only in the jawed vertebrate lineage. Contrary to our expectations we found TAAR13 to be retained in neoteleosts. Class II TAARs are characterized by early as well as late gene loss events at several points in fish evolution and single members often show family- or species-specific expansions.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-86438 | ||||||||
Date: | 29 September 2018 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Biology > Institute for Genetics | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Life sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 11 December 2017 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/8643 |
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