Grätsch, Swantje (2018). Descending control of locomotion in the lamprey. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Swantje_Graetsch_Dissertation.pdf - Accepted Version Bereitstellung unter der CC-Lizenz: Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives. Download (6MB) | Preview |
Abstract
Locomotion underlies a dynamic interplay of a basic motor pattern that is generated by spinal neural networks, descending control originating from supraspinal structures, and sensory feedback from the periphery. Locomotion usually occurs intermittently and thus, it must be initiated, maintained, and eventually stopped. Over the past decades, the lamprey has been used as an experimental model to define the cellular mechanisms controlling locomotion in vertebrates. In this model, spinal central pattern generators (CPGs) have been characterized and shown to generate rhythmic muscle contractions needed for body propulsion. The spinal CPGs are controlled by brainstem reticulospinal (RS) neurons, which are activated by upstream brain structures, such as the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR). The MLR initiates and controls locomotion in a graded fashion and plays a role in goal-directed locomotion. Its activity is in turn controlled by forebrain structures, such as the basal ganglia. The focus of my thesis was to examine descending projections from forebrain structures to the MLR as well as MLR projections to different RS cell populations in the lamprey lower brainstem. For this, electrophysiological, neuroanatomical, Ca2+ - imaging, and behavioral experiments were performed. In vertebrates, forebrain dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) are classically described to send ascending projections to the striatum, the input structure of the basal ganglia. In a first study (Ryczko et al., 2013), we identified in the lamprey a previously unknown descending dopaminergic pathway from the posterior tuberculum (PT; the homologue structure to the mammalian SNc) that directly innervates the MLR. Experiments were performed in semi-intact preparations, in which cellular activity can be correlated to active swimming movements of the intact body. It was demonstrated that electrical PT stimulation elicits RS cell activity as well as motor behavior. Both RS cell activity and locomotor output were significantly increased when dopamine was injected locally into the MLR. On the other hand, local injections of a D1 receptor antagonist in the MLR dramatically decreased RS cell activity and locomotor activity. It was concluded that this descending dopaminergic pathway provides extra excitation to the MLR and consequently increases the locomotor output. It was thought that this newly identified dopaminergic pathway acts in parallel with a descending glutamatergic pathway from the PT to the MLR. In a second study (Ryczko et al., 2017), the glutamatergic projection was examined in detail. One important finding was that the PT controls MLR activity and consequently the locomotor speed in a graded fashion: increasing stimulation intensity of the PT leads to increasing MLR cell activity and locomotor speed. Local blockade of glutamate receptors in the MLR dramatically diminishes locomotor activity elicited by PT stimulation. Local injections of a D1 receptor antagonist in the MLR also decreases locomotor frequency but surprisingly, the graded control of locomotor speed was still present. It was concluded that the PT controls the locomotor speed in a graded fashion through direct descending glutamatergic projections to the MLR. In a third study (Juvin*, Grätsch* et al., 2016), it was demonstrated that RS cells do not respond to MLR stimulation uniformly, but with three distinct activity patterns. One RS cell population responds with a transient burst of activity at the beginning of a MLR stimulation, a second group displays a sustained response throughout the MLR stimulation, and a third group of RS cells was shown to display two transient bursts of activity: a first burst of activity is generated at the beginning and a second burst occurs at the end of a MLR stimulation. These RS cells were recorded in semi-intact preparations, and it was demonstrated that the second burst of activity is strongly correlated to the end of a locomotor bout (‘termination burst’). Local application of glutamate on these RS cells was shown to stop ongoing swimming movements, whereas inactivation of glutamate receptors elicits a slower termination. As they contribute to the termination of locomotion, these RS cells are referred to as stop cells. It was shown that the ‘termination burst’ does not underlie specific membrane properties of stop cells but rather synaptic inputs to those cells. The aim of a fourth study (Grätsch et al., under review) was to define the origin of these synaptic inputs. An important finding was that ongoing locomotion can be stopped by electrical and pharmacological MLR activation. When the animal is at rest, MLR stimulation elicits locomotion, but it produces very different effects if stimulated during locomotion. It stops swimming if it is stimulated at low intensity and prolongs swimming if stimulated at a higher intensity. Furthermore it was shown that MLR stimulation at low intensity also triggers the ‘termination burst’ in stop cells. Electrophysiological and anatomical experiments revealed that at least some connections between MLR and stop cells are monosynaptic. Parts of this work are published in peer-reviewed journals (Ryczko et al., 2013; Ryczko et al., 2017; Juvin*, Grätsch* et al., 2016) or are under review (Grätsch et al.).
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-91521 | ||||||||||
Date: | 28 May 2018 | ||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Biology > Zoologisches Institut | ||||||||||
Subjects: | Life sciences | ||||||||||
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Date of oral exam: | 16 July 2018 | ||||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/9152 |
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