Akhtar-Schäfer, Isha (2019). Role of the complement system and HtrA1 in microglia and age-related macular degeneration. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a retinal degenerative and neovascular disease and the most common cause of blindness in the elderly. Advanced AMD includes the late stages geographic atrophy (GA) and choroidal neovascularization (CNV). A characteristic hallmark of AMD is the chronic over-activation of the innate immune system leading to devastating neuron demise and the promotion of pathologic vessel growth. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the retina, are significant drivers of this tissue harming inflammation during AMD. Interestingly, immunomodulatory approaches attenuating pathologic microgliosis have demonstrated beneficial effects on disease progression. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes of the complement system and AMD. Uncontrolled complement activation, owing to genetic mutations, results in increased expression of the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, which promote disease progression. However, the underlying mechanism of complement anaphylatoxins remains elusive. Hence, the role of microglia and the C3a and C5a mediated retinal degeneration was investigated. Indeed, activated microglia were found to have increase expression of the anaphylatoxin receptors C3aR and C5aR during inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, microglia were found to be the sole cells in the retina to express C3a and C5a receptors during degeneration. Hence, inhibition of microglial anaphylatoxin receptors represents an exploitable therapy strategy. Furthermore, a strong correlation between polymorphisms on the gene for high-temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1) and AMD was found. HtrA1 is known to inhibit transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling, a pathway involved in the induction of a homeostatic microglia state. Hence, the effect of AMD-associated variants of HtrA1 on microglial activation was studied. For this purpose, TGF-β and HtrA1 variants, including the wildtype and AMD-associated isoform, were applied on pro-inflammatory microglia. As expected, TGF-β exerted protective anti-inflammatory effects on challenged microglia. However, HtrA1 variants did not alter transcript expression of TGF-β response genes and neither induced a reactive microglial phenotype. This study shows HtrA1 did not change the quiescent state of microglia secondary to TGF-β stimulation.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||
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Corporate Creators: | Exprimentelle Immunologie des Auges, Augenklinik Köln | ||||||||||||
URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-93483 | ||||||||||||
Date: | 2019 | ||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Biology > Institute for Genetics | ||||||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Life sciences Medical sciences Medicine |
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Date of oral exam: | 15 January 2019 | ||||||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/9348 |
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