Rashid, Khalid (2019). Microglia specific transcriptional regulation of the Translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO). PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Various stimuli that perturb neuronal homeostasis and cause neurodegeneration trigger microglia reactivity. The microglia reaction and the increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators is intended to protect the central nervous system, including the retina, from noxious insults and facilitate a rapid return to normal homeostasis. However, sustained and dysregulated microglia inflammatory responses can lead to robust neuropathological changes that contribute to the severity and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In the retina, pathologically activated microglia have been shown to not only contribute to neurodegenerative processes indirectly via the release of neurotoxic substances, but also directly via the indiscriminate phagocytosis of stressed but living photoreceptors. Consistently, innumerous studies have demonstrated that microglial modulation represents an attractive therapeutic avenue to alleviate or delay neurodegenerative diseases of the retina. Translocator protein (18kDa) (TSPO) located in the outer mitochondrial membrane is acutely and specifically expressed in activated microglia during retinal pathology. Importantly, specific TSPO ligands have been shown to potently modulate microglia inflammatory responses and ameliorate light-induced photoreceptor degeneration in mice. However, understanding the regulation of TSPO expression in microglia during health and disease is paramount prior to any utilization of this protein as a therapeutic target to modulate chronic microglia inflammatory responses and alleviate retinal degeneration. The aim of the current study therefore was to carry out a detailed functional characterization of the TSPO promoter and identify genetic elements and transcription factors responsible for maintaining basal and mediating induced TSPO expression in microglia. To this end, a 2.812Kb murine Tspo promoter sequence was amplified by PCR and cloned into the promoterless pGL4.10-Basic luciferase reporter vector. Plasmids containing 5’ unidirectional deletions of the promoter were then generated by PCR. BV-2 microglia cells were transfected with the generated reporter plasmids for 24 h, and an additional 6 h in the case of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation before measuring luciferase activity. Sequence analysis was performed using Matinspector software and site-directed substitution mutagenesis was used to confirm the functional status of the putative transcription factor binding sites. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was used to investigate binding of transcription factors to the endogenous promoter. The effect of transcription factor knockdown on Tspo promoter activity was assessed using RNAi mediated gene silencing followed by transfection with the reporter constructs and measurement of luciferase activity 24 h later. Additionally, effects of RNAi mediated gene silencing on endogenous Tspo protein levels were determined using western blot analysis. Deletion mutagenesis indicated that −845 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site was sufficient to reconstitute near maximal promoter activity in BV-2 microglia cells. Deletion of sequences extending -593 to -520, which harbour an Ap-1, Ets.2 and Nkx3.1 site which also serves as a non-canonical binding site for Sp1-family transcription factors, led to a dramatic decrease in both basal as well as LPS induced promoter activity. Further deletion of sequences extending -168 to -39, which contains four GC boxes, also significantly decreased Tspo promoter activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of Ap-1, Ets.2, Nkx3.1/Sp1/3/4 and the proximal GC boxes led to significant decreases in promoter activity. ChIP-qPCR revealed that Pu.1, Ap-1(cJun/cFos), Stat3, Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 bind the endogenous Tspo promoter. Notably, upon LPS stimulation, the binding of these factors, with the exception of Stat3, was significantly enhanced. RNAi mediated silencing of Pu.1, cJun, cFos, Stat3, Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 gene expression significantly diminished Tspo promoter activity while Ap1(cJun/cFos) silencing effectively blocked LPS-induced increase in Tspo protein levels. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the consensus binding sequences for Ap-1, Ets.2, distal as well as proximal Sp1/3/4 sites must be intact for maximal basal and LPS induced Tspo promoter activity in microglia. Furthermore, the current findings indicate that LPS-mediated increase in Tspo expression is mediated, at least in part, at the transcriptional level and is accompanied by an enhanced recruitment of Pu.1, Ap-1(cJun/cFos), Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4 factors to the Tspo promoter.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||||||
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Corporate Creators: | Uniklinik Köln, Augenklinik, Exp. Immunologie des Auges | ||||||||||||||||
URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-93944 | ||||||||||||||||
Date: | 26 February 2019 | ||||||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Chemistry > Institute of Biochemistry | ||||||||||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Life sciences Medical sciences Medicine |
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Date of oral exam: | 19 February 2019 | ||||||||||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/9394 |
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