Upadhyay, Aaradhita (2019). Neurocalcin delta (NCALD) knockout impairs adult neurogenesis whereas half reduction is a safe therapeutic option for spinal muscular atrophy. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the second most common recessive monogenic disease characterized by loss of motor neurons and impaired neuromuscular junctions which leads to proximal muscles atrophy. SMA is primarily caused by mutation/loss of survival of motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene encoding the SMN protein. Interestingly, humans carry additionally SMN2, a copy gene of SMN1 which is relatively new in evolutionary scale of genes and the SMA disease severity is inversely correlated with the copy number of the SMN2 gene. In the recent year, SMA therapeutics achieved a landmark with FDA and EMA approval of the splice modifier molecule named Nusinersen, which is an SMN dependent therapy as it elevates the SMN protein level derived from the SMN2 transcript. However, SMN dependent therapies have not been sufficient to fully cure the SMA, especially in most severe SMA type I patients which may carry even a single allele of SMN2. Therefore, a combinatorial therapy which includes SMN independent strategies would be remarkably beneficial. Certain modifier genes, which upon differential expression can protect against SMA are most relevant and potential candidates to be studied in context of combinatorial therapies. Recently, reduction of a neuronal calcium sensor, Neurocalcin delta (NCALD) significantly ameliorated major SMA symptoms: reduced motor neuron axon length, neuromuscular junction size, muscle fibre size, impaired endocytosis and motor functions in various SMA model systems. Considering these results, reduction of NCALD was proposed for SMA combinatorial therapeutics. However, depending upon the physiological functions of NCALD in various cellular processes, reduction of NCALD may potentially incur certain side effects. NCALD is a member of the brain-enriched neuronal calcium sensor sub-family Visinin like proteins (VILIPs). However, till date only few NCALD functions have been explored based on the functions of its close homologues VILIP1, hippocalcin and guanylate cyclase activating protein (GCAP). Therefore, in this study we first investigated non redundant physiological functions of NCALD by characterizing Ncald knockout (NcaldKO/KO) mice; then referring to the phenotypes of NcaldKO/KO mice we further analysed heterozygous (NcaldKO/WT) mice to verify any potential physiological defects that may arise at 50% NCALD reduction which has been proposed as a potential SMA therapeutic option. Significant changes were observed in the gross brain morphology of adult NcaldKO/KO mice (4 month-old) with bigger ventricles, thinner cortex and smaller hippocampus including significantly reduced length of dentate gyrus sub granular zone. These morphological defects could arise either due to progressive neurodegeneration or impaired brain development/ maturation. Therefore, we investigated major hallmarks of progressive neurodegeneration like loss of mature neurons, astrogliosis, reduced dendritic branching or exacerbation of the gross morphological changes with aging. However, we did not find any evidence of progressive neurodegeneration. On other hand, we found very low NCALD levels in embryonic brain (E16) as well as at birth (P1), however a significant increase was observed at P10, which implies relevance of NCALD during postnatal brain development/ maturation. Therefore, we further investigated generation of doublecortin (DCX) positive new-born granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) as well as myelination, two major processes of postnatal brain maturation. We did not observe any changes in DCX positive neurons at P14 and only a tendency of reduction at P30 in NcaldKO/KO brain compared to controls. However, 4-month old adult NcaldKO/KO animals exhibit significantly reduced amount of DCX cells in DG. Loss of DCX positive cells in adult brain is widely accepted as a loss of adult neurogenesis. Furthermore, we investigated the mechanism behind the observed defects in NcaldKO/KO brain by investigating the NCALD interactome using mass spectrometry analysis and as co-immunoprecipitation. We identified a novel NCALD interacting partner named mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 10 (MAP3K10). MAP3K10 is an upstream kinase in c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Therefore we analysed the JNK activation in NcaldKO/KO brain and found significantly upregulated pJNK levels compared to controls. Contrary to these observations, adult NcaldKO/WT brain analysis showed neither JNK activation nor loss DCX positive cells, thereby ruling out the potential side effects of NCALD reduction in adult neurogenesis. Conclusively, this is the first study to report the effect of NCALD deletion on DCX positive neuron generation, which is a widely accepted as adult neurogenesis marker and to identify MAP3K10 as a novel interacting partner of NCALD; additionally it reports on the safety of using NCALD reduction for SMA combinatorial therapy.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-94057 | ||||||||||||
Date: | 12 February 2019 | ||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Life sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 30 November 2018 | ||||||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/9405 |
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