Cahuasquí Llerena, Juan Andrés ORCID: 0000-0002-1783-0823 (2019). Mid-infrared interferometry of young stellar objects: Detection of a hot component inside the circumbinary cavity of V892 Tau. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Stars are the essential elements of the universe that govern the evolution of galaxies and the interstellar medium. The star formation process carries two ubiquitous byproducts that dispose the excess of angular momentum: binary or higher-order stellar systems, and the formation of circumstellar disks surrounding most – if not all – stars. Although these two outputs embrace a wide field of astronomy by their own, the link between them seems to be a natural consequence. Namely, stellar and substellar companions forming multiple systems dynamically perturb primordial circumstellar disks and settle the conditions for planets to grow in such scenario. Due to their young age (<10 Myr) and observability after dispersing part of their gaseous and dusty envelope, the low-mass T Tauri (<2 Msun) and the intermediate-mass Herbig Ae/Be (2–10 Msun) stellar objects in the pre-main sequence phase are ideal laboratories to characterize protoplanetary disks. At this stage, observations with different techniques and at different wavelengths allow to investigate the star-disk environment through strong emission lines indicative of accretion of gas onto the central star, excess emission at infrared and longer wavelengths, and resolved thermal and scattered light. Additionally, a more advanced evolutionary stage in the so-called transition disks may be identified via dust-depleted cavities as consequence of forming planets, photoevaporation, self-shadowing or a dead zone inside the disk. Numerical simulations and dedicated surveys of T Tauri binary systems have revealed that the influence of the stellar companions depends on the orbital parameters and masses of the components. The evolution of disks in close binary (<1 AU) and large-separation systems (>100 AU) seems well understood. Whereas for the first case both stars would be surrounded by a common circumbinary disk, the large-separated stars may host independent circumstellar disks whose evolution is indistinct to disks around single objects. On the contrary, the understanding of intermediate-separation systems is poorer, and the disk lifetime seems to be reduced to ∼10% of the typical life expectancy because of tidal truncation effects. Nonetheless, as evidenced by some multiple objects (e.g. GG Tau A), circumbinary plus circumstellar components may coexist, and the feeding from one to another through streamers may extend the disk lifetime for planets to assemble. For Herbig stars, the bigger masses and gravitational forces at play can apparently cause a faster disk disruption. Still, observational evidence and statistical surveys to understand the spatial distribution of dust and gas, and the possibility of their survival in the inner environment are scarcer, with even only few known objects that harbour circumbinary disks. In particular, the Herbig Ae/Be object V892 Tau, also known as Elias 1, is a near-equal brightness binary system located in the Taurus-Auriga star-forming region, located at 140 pc, known to be surrounded by a large circumbinary disk. The stellar pair has a separation of ∼7 AU, and the circumbinary component has an inner radius of ∼18 AU. This doctoral thesis aims at contributing in the understanding of the central circumstellar environment of Herbig binary systems by taking advantage of the high angular (milliarcsecond) resolution provided by long-baseline interferometry, and offers the first mid-infrared multi-epoch interferometric study of V892 Tau. Due to its sensitivity to thermal emission of dust with temperatures of the order ∼100–1000 K, the MID-infrared Interferometric instrument (MIDI) at the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) allows to resolve dusty structures within the circumbinary cavity of this particular object. The mid-IR (8–13 μm) interferometric data consisting of visibilities and differential phases, in conjunction with photometric measurements, is modelled with a temperature-gradient approach and χ2-minimization algorithms. This method allows to scrutinize the geometry of the system and discuss the possibility of dust survival within an environment affected by tidal interaction and strong gravitational forces that settle the conditions for planetary growth. By investigating different possible morphologies capable of achieving a satisfactory fit to the mid-IR observations of V892 Tau, I conclude that a disk-like dusty source in the central vicinity of the stars is the most plausible origin of near-IR flux. This newly proposed component reproduces well the photometric measurements and causes a brightness asymmetry which influences the MIDI visibilities and differential phases. Moreover, the profit of this multi-epoch study reveals that this detected source is presumably unattached to any of the stars and possesses signs of variability over the five observing runs covering a 9-year period. Nevertheless, the application of semi-physical models to reproduce interferometric signals and the detection of this near-IR floating component based on N-band data suggest caution with the interpretation of this finding. Although the outcomes clearly expose the existence of a dusty structure, a follow-up investigation with the newest second generation of interferometers and high-resolution direct imaging techniques is required to certainly determine its morphology. Granted K-band observations in forthcoming periods of V892 Tau with both astronomical techniques will complement this project and offer a wider insight into the field of planet formation and disk evolution in intermediate-separation binary Herbig objects.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-96373 | ||||||||||||||||
Date: | 20 May 2019 | ||||||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Physics > Institute of Physics I | ||||||||||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Physics |
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Date of oral exam: | 25 October 2018 | ||||||||||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/9637 |
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