Brück, Felix Benjamin ORCID: 0000-0003-2561-2241 (2019). Accelerated carbonation of waste incinerator bottom ash for trace metal immobilisation. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Bottom ash (BA) constitutes the dominant solid residue of municipal solid waste incineration and millions of tonnes are annually produced, worldwide. Fresh BA contains highly reactive constituents which are metastable under environmental conditions. Their transformation has been referred to as the ageing of BA. It has long since been recognized that ageing reduces the reactivity of BA and therewith the leachability of critical trace metals. Carbonation is a key process in the aging and is initiated by the access of CO2. Passive ageing is commonly applied in many European countries prior to geotechnical utilization or landfilling of BA. However, it requires a large quantity of space, time, and lacks any process control. Carbonation of BA may be accelerated by contacting the material with CO2-rich exhaust gas. Although this has long since been recognized, practical applications have remained beyond reach since reactor sys-tems did not allow for the necessary throughput. Recent studies demonstrated that the material dynamics in rotating drum reactors favour the accelerated carbonation and that rotating drums may be suited for a process implementation at the industrial scale. Yet, knowledge regarding optimum drum operation for accelerated carbonation of BA is still scarce. This thesis aimed at delineating both the technical set-up and the operation parameters suited for process integration of accelerated carbonation at incinerator sites. This included the devel-opment of a screening technique to evaluate the progress of carbonation as well as a stepwise transfer of the reactor system from a jar test into a continuously fed rotating drum reactor sys-tem. Effects of rotation speed and reactor fill level on the solid’s motion were cinematograph-ically analysed. Carbonation performance was assessed by thermogravimetric analyses and the leaching behaviour of the treated BA. The BA used in this study was sampled from a grate-type refuse derived fuel incinerator located in central Germany. Leachate values and particu-larly the high leachate concentrations of Pb characterized fresh BA as a hazardous waste. Laboratory results demonstrated the serviceability and reproducibility of the developed method for the monitoring and quantification of the CO2 uptake by BA in both static and dynamic reac-tor systems. The method is based on following the pressure drop in the gas phase induced by the CO2 uptake of BA close to atmospheric pressure conditions. The monitoring method was next applied to evaluate carbonation kinetics and the influence of fundamental parameters (CO2 concentration, fill level, BA moisture) on accelerated carbona-tion of BA in a rotating drum batch reactor. Both the CO2 uptake rate and the final level of car-bonation increased as the CO2 concentration was raised from 15 to 75 vol.-%. The optimum moisture content for the tested BA was found to be 21 wt.-%, which is roughly in the range of the typical moisture content of BA after temporary storage in a roofed pile. The fill level was not a limiting factor for BA carbonation within the tested range (7 - 45 vol.-%). The latter could be explained by findings obtained by the study of the solids’ motion. The bed behaviour of BA strongly differed from that of standard materials and was more affected by fill level than by ro-tation speed. With increasing fill level, the bed motion changed from slipping to slumping thereby favouring the mixing process. Complementary logging of relative humidity and temper-ature showed constant moisture conditions and self-heating, induced by the exothermal car-bonation reaction. A close relationship between CO2 uptake and reactor temperature was con-firmed by benchmarking a heat balance model against the carbonation enthalpy. Excellent agreement demonstrated that temperature monitoring may be an alternative way of evaluating the progress of carbonation. As a next step carbonation of BA was studied with a continuous feed of the reactant gas and the effects of specific CO2 supply, mixing tools, and reactor loadings on process performance were assessed. The reaction could be accelerated to around 100 minutes and was further en-hanced by the use of mixing tools. Of the configurations tested, a perforated mixing cage per-formed best, even at fill levels of up to 50 %. This set-up was also least prone to the formation of BA incrustations. Finally, a rotating drum reactor continuously fed with both, the reactant gas (60 L/min; 10 vol.-% CO2) and the BA (9 - 18 kg/h), was developed and tested at varied BA residence times. Pro-jected and experimental residence times were compared by mass balancing and by analysing the breakthrough curves of a tracer. Good agreement indicated adequate control of reactor loading and the BA feed rate. In one test, the gas was heated and humidified. Leachates and solid phase properties of the treated BA served to evaluate the carbonation performance. Overall, carbonation improved the leachate quality of BA as the leachate concentrations of critical trace metals (Pb, Zn, Cu) decreased by at least one order of magnitude. A residence time of 80 min was sufficient to reduce the BA leachability such as to characterize the car-bonated material as a non-hazardous waste. This would allow for a disposal on a class 1 land-fill or alternatively for a geotechnical reuse in accordance with the draft of the German Ordi-nance on Secondary Construction Materials. Other than the amphoteric metals, oxyanions like Cr, Mo and V became more mobile upon carbonation. This side effect did not outweigh the benefits since oxyanion concentrations remained below the specific limit values. Therefore, the accelerated carbonation of BA provides a material that is both suited for the cost-effective dis-posal on a lower landfill class and for geotechnical applications. In view of relatively short resi-dence times and stable process performance, the rotating drum reactor seems promising for a full-scale implementation of BA carbonation.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-100144 | ||||||||
Date: | 2019 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Geosciences > Geographisches Institut | ||||||||
Subjects: | Technology (Applied sciences) Geography and travel |
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Date of oral exam: | 24 July 2019 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/10014 |
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