Kaspar, Sophie Melissa (2019). Disentangling the Role of CHOP in Mitochondrial Dysfunction. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis is essential for a broad spectrum of signalling, metabolic and energetic processes. Consequently, mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to the development of a wide range of myopathies and many common diseases, including type 2 diabetes, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. In response to disturbed mitochondrial proteostasis, an organelle-specific stress response is initiated, which results in an adaptive transcriptional response partially sharing the signature of the integrated stress response (ISR). However, the exact sequence of events of the signalling cascade resulting in the activation of a nuclear response remains elusive. CHOP was one of the first transcription factors (TFs) proposed to play a role in response to impaired mitochondrial proteostasis. Although - due to the lack of a functional DNA-binding domain - CHOP needs to form heterodimers with other TFs in order to activate or suppresses respective target genes. The present study aims to investigate the molecular aspects and in vivo functions of CHOP in a murine model of mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, DARS2/CHOP double-deficient mice, from now referred to as double knock-out (DKO) mice, were generated. Disruption of mitochondrial translation by heart and skeletal muscle-specific knock-out of the mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase Dars2 (DARS2 KO) results in severe mitochondrial dysfunction and causes the death of the animals with approximately seven weeks of age. Additional deletion of Chop even further reduces the lifespan to less than three weeks, suggesting an existential role of the TF within the initiated stress-signalling pathway. Our data indicate that CHOP's impact arises from the regulation of another TF: ATF4. The analysis of transcriptomic data uncovered excessive transcriptional activation of ATF4 targets in DKO mice. Those massive changes were further confirmed on the protein level and coincide with the rapid deterioration of the animal's health status. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed the TF C/EBPβ as the most abundant CHOP interactor in hearts of DARS2 KO mice. Further experiments in cell culture showed that under normal conditions, mitochondrial dysfunction triggers CHOP and C/EBPβ protein expression. C/EBPβ has three isoforms: LAP*, LAP and LIP. In comparison to the isoforms LAP* and LAP, LIP exhibited a disproportionate increase under conditions of mitochondrial dysfunction. Our experiments confirmed opposite effects of LAP and LIP on Atf4 transcription. Whereas LAP promoted Atf4 transcription, LIP acted as a transcriptional repressor of Atf4. Notably, CHOP deficiency in the context of mitochondrial dysfunction resulted in an impaired response of LIP in particular, which failed to increase on the protein level as observed under wild type-like conditions. Hence we propose, that the impairment of LIP accumulation upon mitochondrial dysfunction in a CHOP-deficient background results in loss of negative regulation of Atf4 transcription in DKO animals. As a result, ATF4 is exceedingly active and causes an anabolic overstress of the mice. We propose to complement the current ISR model by a supplementary CHOP and LIP-driven regulatory layer, contributing to the transcriptional control of Atf4 in the context of mitochondrial dysfunction.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-107302 | ||||||||||
Date: | 2019 | ||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||
Divisions: | CECAD - Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases | ||||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Life sciences Medical sciences Medicine |
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Date of oral exam: | 13 February 2020 | ||||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/10730 |
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