Büscher, Tobias ORCID: 0000-0002-5009-1479 (2020). Tissue Competition: Interplay of Mechanics, Interfaces, and Evolution. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Competitions between tissues occur frequently in living systems. Well-studied examples are the competition between different clones during development in the Drosophila wing disc and cancer, in which the tumor competes with the surrounding host tissue. The competition is affected by various biochemical and physical factors, including concentrations of nutrients and other chemicals, cell-cell communication, and geometrical constraints. In this thesis, we study the competition between different tissues regulated solely by the mechanical interactions between cells, with cancer as the biological example in mind. In particular, we focus on the role of the interface and the interactions between different cell populations including evolutionary aspects. For mechanically-regulated competition, it has been proposed that the outcome is solely determined by the homeostatic pressure, the pressure at which division and apoptosis balance. The tissue with the higher homeostatic pressure outcompetes the weaker one. Accordingly, tumorigenesis consists of subsequent rounds of takeover of the tissue by a cell population with a higher homeostatic pressure. However, experiments on growing tissue spheroids reveal that surface effects can play a dominant role in tissue growth. Cells divide preferentially at the surface and undergo apoptosis in the bulk. It turns out that similar interfacial effects play a role in the competition between cell populations and alter the evolution of a tissue. To explore the mechanics of tissue competition we employ a particle-based simulation model, in which a cell is represented by two particles which repel each other via an active growth force. Cells divide when the distance between the two particles reaches a certain threshold, while cell death occurs randomly at a constant rate. Cells interact with each other like soft sticky spheres and a dissipative particle dynamics thermostat accounts for energy dissipation and random fluctuations. First, we study the role of the adhesion between different tissues by looking at an extreme case: vanishing cross-adhesion strength. The resulting strong interfacial tension leads to segregation of the competing tissues. In a small region near the interface, the division rate of both tissues is enhanced. The enhanced division leads to a flux of cells from the interface towards the bulk, similar to growing tissue spheroids. To compensate for the influx of cells from the interface, the system pressure is always larger than each individual homeostatic pressure and both tissues undergo net apoptosis in the bulk. This results in stable coexistence between the two tissues in a variety of different structures, even for a difference in homeostatic pressure. Next, we study the evolution of a tissue under the influence of mutations which change the mechanical properties of a cell. For independent mutations, the tissue evolves towards populations with low internal adhesion and high growth-force strength, which both increase its homeostatic pressure. Motivated by the results from the previous chapter and biological evidence, we impose a coupling between the two parameters, such that a higher growth force comes at the cost of a higher adhesion strength. Interestingly, this can result in a diverging evolution in which the tissue evolves towards a very heterogeneous distribution of populations. The compartment is than occupied by cells with very different properties, coexisting in a highly dynamic state. Surprisingly, this state can be dominated by the cell population with the lowest homeostatic pressure. Competitions between two cell populations alone and a phenomenological model provide a qualitative explanation of these results. We further reveal that the rate at which mutations occur plays a minor role in the competition and only affects the evolutionary time scale. Third, we study competition on a substrate, in which we focus on the stability of the interface between the competing tissues. Cells interact with the substrate via friction, resulting in a finite stress-decay length. The interface between two identical tissues is unstable due to diffusion. Already small differences between the competing tissues suffice to arrive at a stable, almost flat interface which propagates at constant velocity. A reduced apoptosis rate results in an increased tissue viscosity. For larger viscosity of the tissue with the lower homeostatic pressure, a fingering instability emerges, reminiscent of Saffman-Taylor viscous fingering. Besides homeostatic pressure, the competition can also be driven by collective motility of one tissue directed towards the other. Small motility forces suffice to result in propagation with a stable interface. However, above a critical motility strength, protrusions of the motile tissue into the non-motile one form at a well-defined wavelength. The resulting almost sinusoidal interface pattern is remarkably stable over time, contrary to the highly dynamic fingering instability discussed before. In summary, the interplay between mechanics, evolutionary forces, and cross-interactions gives rise to interesting interfacial phenomena. This includes stable coexistence between two or many cell populations in a variety of structures and an unstable front during propagation on a substrate.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-122690 | ||||||||
Date: | 2020 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Außeruniversitäre Forschungseinrichtungen > Forschungszentrum Jülich | ||||||||
Subjects: | Physics Life sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 15 July 2020 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/12269 |
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