Item Type: |
Thesis
(PhD thesis)
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Translated abstract: |
Abstract | Language |
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Numerous derivatives of the bifunctional hydrogenation catalyst dicarbonylhydro[(1,2,3,3a,7a‐η5)4,5,6,7‐tetrahydro‐2‐hydroxy‐1,3‐bis(trimethylsilyl)‐1H‐inden‐1‐yl]iron, which was first used as a catalyst by Casey, and which serves as a functional analog of the Hmd-hydrogenases, were synthesized. Methods were developed for the formation of the catalytically active species in situ, because the iron hydrides are susceptible to decomposition. To this end, stable precursors were decarbonylated by either uv-irradiation or by reaction with trimethylamine-N-oxide under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The catalysts were successfully applied in the hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds and of an imine.
Furthermore, for the first time, chiral derivatives of this catalyst system were synthesized by substitution of one carbonyl ligand with chiral binol-based phosphoramidite ligands. The chiral catalysts were successfully applied in the asymmetric hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds with H2 as the ultimate hydrogen source. Yields of up to 74 % and enantiomeric excesses of up to 62 % were obtained in the hydrogenation of acetophenone to (R/S)-1-phenylethanol.
Different structural features of the phosphoramidite ligands were systematically varied to investigate their relevance for the catalytic activity and the enantioselectivity. Among other findings, it was determined that the presence of large substituents in 3- and in 3’-position of the binaphthylsystem as well as of large groups on the amine nitrogen atom have an effect on the enantioselectivity, which contradicts the “natural” enantioselectivity of the binaphthyl ring system. In some cases this leads to inverted selectivity, which results in the preferred formation of the opposite product enantiomer despite of the same configuration of the binaphthyl system. In the active catalysts, the iron atom itself becomes a center of chirality.
The reaction mechanisms of the hydrogen uptake of the dehydrogenated complexes to the iron hydrides and of the hydrogen transfer from the catalysts to carbonyl compounds and to imines were studied by means of the density functional theory for the real catalyst system. The hydrogen uptake can either proceed via intramolecular hydrogen splitting between the iron atom and the cyclopentadienone ligand’s oxygen atom, or via an intermediately formed non-classical dihydrogen complex. From the latter one, the hydrogen splitting can occur in an intermolecular fashion with assistance of either an alcohol or an amine molecule. In these catalyzed reactions, the H2 molecule is split between the iron atom and the oxygen atom or the nitrogen atom of the alcohol/amine catalyst, while at the same time the hydroxyl proton or amine proton is being transferred to the oxygen atom in the cyclopentadienone ligand.
The hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds proceeds in a symmetrical concerted fashion, while the hydrogenation of imines is a two step process. In the latter one, the proton is being transferred from the iron catalyst to the imine nitrogen atom in a first step. The catalyst’s hydride is then transferred to the thereby formed iminium species in a discrete second step.
Intermediates of the catalytic cycle were analyzed by several methods, including 57Fe-Mößbauer spectroscopy. Structures were assigned to the measured 57Fe-Mößbauer spectra by correlation of the experimental parameters with calculated parameters. The calculations were again conducted within the framework of the density functional theory. | English |
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Creators: |
Creators | Email | ORCID | ORCID Put Code |
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Höh, Adrian von der | email@chemgate.net | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED |
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URN: |
urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-42111 |
Date: |
20 June 2011 |
Language: |
German |
Faculty: |
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences |
Divisions: |
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Chemistry > Institute of Organic Chemistry |
Subjects: |
Chemistry and allied sciences |
Uncontrolled Keywords: |
Keywords | Language |
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organic, chemistry, catalysis, hydrogenation, iron, density functional theory, dissertation, PhD, thesis, reaction, mechanism, hydrogen, H2, asymmetric, experimental, theoretical, bifunctional, catalyst, enzyme, hydrogenase | English | Organische, Chemie, Katalyse, Hydrogenierung, Eisen, Dichtefunktionaltheorie, dissertation, PhD, Abschlussarbeit, Reaktion, Mechanismus, Wasserstoff, H2, assymetrisch, experimentell, theoretisch, bifunktional, Katalysator, Enzym, Hydrogenase | German |
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Date of oral exam: |
19 May 2011 |
Referee: |
Name | Academic Title |
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Berkessel, Albrecht | Prof. Dr. | Goldfuss, Bernd | Prof. Dr. |
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Refereed: |
Yes |
URI: |
http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/4211 |