Klintworth, Sandra ORCID: 0000-0002-3275-7628 (2020). Effects of Chaoborus kairomone: resource allocation in Daphnia pulex and factors influencing the inducible morphological defense. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Individuals of the genus Daphnia play a central role in the trophic transfer in many standing freshwater bodies. As primary consumer and at the same time prey of many vertebrate and invertebrate predators, Daphnia contribute greatly to the transfer of nutrients and energy through the aquatic food web. Their parthenogenetical reproduction facilitates the cultivation of clonal lineages in laboratories, and makes Daphnia popular and important model organisms for studies about food related effects as well as predator related effects. Many studies about predator related effects deal with defenses that are inducible by predator-borne chemicals, so-called kairomones. Inducible defenses comprise changes in morphology, behavior, or in life history. All of these changes typically entail some kind of costs, as these changes are not constitutive. Food related effects are often investigated by means of growth experiments. The growth of Daphnia can be affected by food quantity and food quality, whereas food quality is composed of different aspects: biochemical food quality, e. g. the content of essential fatty acids, stoichiometric food quality, the morphology of the algae, and the content of toxic or harmful secondary metabolites, e. g. of cyanobacteria. Those aspects play an important role in Daphnia’s nutrition, because Daphnia are unselective filter feeders and cannot discriminate between food particles. Therefore, Daphnia’s growth is highly dependent on the phytoplankton community, which can be vastly variable throughout the year. Additionally, the growth of Daphnia, as ectothermic organisms, is affected by temperature. Daphnia frequently experience growth limiting conditions and predation at the same time. However, knowledge about how these factors interact and how they jointly affect Daphnia, and especially their morphological defenses, is still scarce. Within the studies of this dissertation, I investigated the effect of several potentially growth limiting factors on the morphological defense of Daphnia pulex. Juveniles of D. pulex form so-called neckteeth in the presence of the aquatic phantom midge larvae Chaoborus. Neckteeth are small protuberances in the neck region of D. pulex that increase the escape efficiency after capture by Chaoborus. Due to the morphology of the catching basket of Chaoborus, the larvae are gape-limited, and they mainly consume small and intermediate-sized Daphnia. However, if D. pulex is growth limited and develops slower, the time that it spends in vulnerable instars increases, and the overall probability to get caught increases as well. Therefore, D. pulex might need to increase the strength of its defense to counterbalance the increased predation risk. Within this dissertation, I report that the strength of neckteeth induction in D. pulex is, actually, not affected by the increased individual predation risk emerging from longer developmental times at slower growth. I investigated this relation for the factors temperature and the content of dietary cyano¬bacteria. Although the correlation of neckteeth induction and developmental time was significant in case of the factor temperature, this is not a general relation, as the correlation in case of the content of dietary cyanobacteria was not significant. Furthermore, I investigated the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are essential for Daphnia growth, on neckteeth induction by using three different food algae that differ in their content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. I performed this experiment with three clones of D. pulex to get a more general conclusion, as clones are known to vary in their reaction norms to changing environmental conditions. Neckteeth induction was affected by the availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids in neither of the clones. Moreover, the supplementation of eicosapentaenoic acid, which plays a crucial role in Daphnia growth, and was reported to be essential for an induced behavioral defense, did not affect neckteeth induction. The effect of food quantity on neckteeth induction was already investigated before, but the results were not conclusive so far. By reducing the effect of bacterial degradation of the kairomone, which most probably takes places during the experiment, I was able to solely investigate the effect of food quantity, and I report that food quantity does not affect neckteeth induction. Instead, the strength of neckteeth induction was correlated to the abundance of bacteria in the respective treatments. Moreover, I investigated the resource allocation with respect to fatty acids at low and high food quantity crossed with the absence or presence of Chaoborus. In order to do so, I separately analyzed the fatty acid contents in the tissues of eggs and bodies of the mothers by means of gas chromatography. At low food quantities, Daphnia increase the transfer of fatty acids to their off-spring by altering the resource allocation or life history. Thus, the offspring are more starvation resistant. I was able to corroborate this effect. However, the presence of Chaoborus suppressed this increase in fatty acid transfer to the offspring at low food quantities, whereas the fatty acid transfer increased at high food quantities. Additionally, the increased retention of eicosapentaenoic acid, which is important for egg production, in the tissue of mothers suggests that, in the presence of Chaoborus, D. pulex invests fatty acids rather in an increased number of future reproductive events than in the current reproduction. Within this dissertation, new insights about the morphological defense of D. pulex against Chaoborus as well as physiological alterations in the life history are presented. In order to investigate these topics, approaches of classical ecology were combined with modern techniques of instrumental chemistry. The new insights shed some light on mechanisms and potential costs of morphological defenses and on life history strategies of prey organisms.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-455224 | ||||||||||||
Date: | 2020 | ||||||||||||
Place of Publication: | Köln | ||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Biology > Zoologisches Institut | ||||||||||||
Subjects: | Life sciences | ||||||||||||
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Date of oral exam: | 7 October 2020 | ||||||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/45522 |
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