Harmel, Julia (2014). Posttranscriptional regulation of mitochondrial DNA in mammalian mitochondria. PhD thesis, Max-Planck Institut für Biologie des Alterns.
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Abstract
Mitochondria are the most important organelles for ATP supply in nearly all eukaryotic cells. Besides energy production, mitochondria also play important roles e.g. in calcium homeostasis, apoptosis or fatty acid ß-oxidation. They originated from a proto-bacterium and therefore contain their own genome encoding for a subset of mitochondrial OXPHOS components as well as tRNAs and rRNAs necessary for the translation machinery. Regulation of mtDNA expression is indispensable for normal OXPHOS function and defective mitochondrial function can cause neurodegenerative diseases but is also linked to aging, cancer and diabetes. Mitochondrial transcription factor 1 (MTERF1) has been reported to regulate H-strand transcription of the two ribosomal RNA genes through simultaneous binding of the heavy strand promoter and its termination site based on extensive in vitro studies during the last decades. However, evidence for its function in vivo is still missing. In this work, analysis of the first Mterf1 knockout mouse model reveals that lack of MTERF1 has no effect on ribosomal RNA levels, but instead causes increased RNA levels on the antisense region of mitochondrial rRNAs. At the same time transcription initiation events are decreased at the light-strand promoter suggesting that MTERF1 has a role in transcription termination on the L-strand to prevent transcriptional interference at the light-strand promoter. Studies in mice lacking the mitochondrial transcription termination factor 2 (MTERF2) show apparently healthy and fertile animals with normal lifespan. However, mice challenged with a ketogenic diet have been reported to develop a muscle-specific phenotype including decreased transcription and OXPHOS deficiency. A second Mterf2 knockout mouse model, created in our lab, however, does not confirm the reported phenotype. The viral trap, a genetic tool used to interrupt Mterf2 gene expression in one of the mouse models, could explain the observed differences since it contains a very strong promoter, which can influence the expression of other genes closely located to the target gene. A gene encoding cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) is situated 1,6 kb downstream of Mterf2 and could be influenced by a viral trap targeting the Mterf2 gene. In order to test this hypothesis, we simultaneously analyzed the two Mterf2 knockout mouse models, a Cry1 knockout mouse and controls and found that all mice were healthy and fertile with a normal lifespan. MtDNA levels, mitochondrial transcription as well as steady state levels of OXPHOS protein components are unaffected in mice lacking Mterf2 or Cry1, contradicting a role of MTERF2 in mitochondrial transcription. However, Cry1 expression is decreased in both Mterf2 knockout mouse models, which suggests a putative influence of Cry1 expression when the Mterf2 gene is targeted. The leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat domain containing protein (LRPPRC) is an important factor of posttranscriptional regulation of mtDNA expression. Although data from a Lrpprc knockout mouse model and patient fibroblasts carrying decreased LRPPRC protein levels support a role of LRPPRC in mitochondrial mRNA transcript stability and coordination of translation, its in vivo function is still highly debated in the literature. A recent report demonstrated that LRPPRC is involved in mitochondrial transcription initiation through direct interaction with POLRMT. In order to study this protein in a physiological environment we created bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice slightly overexpressing LRPPRC and Lrpprc heterozygous knockout mice with moderately decreased LRPPRC levels. Slightly increased or decreased LRPPRC protein levels did not affect steady state transcript levels as well as de novo transcription suggesting that LRPPRC does not have a role in mitochondrial transcription. In addition, increasing amounts of LRPPRC did not stimulate transcription in a recombinant in vitro system and immunoprecipitation as well as size exclusion chromatography did not detect any interaction between LRPPRC and POLRMT.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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Corporate Contributors: | Max-Planck Institut für Biologie des Alterns | ||||||||
URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-55204 | ||||||||
Date: | 2014 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Life sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 21 January 2014 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/5520 |
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