Joglekar, Shachi (2014). Dissection of EDS1-dependent and salicylic acid-independent defence signalling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana: a chemical biology approach. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Plants have to survive in an environment where they are constantly under attack from a wide range of pathogens, and they utilise sophisticated, multi-layered defence mechanisms to resist infection. The Arabidopsis thaliana protein Enhanced disease susceptibility1 (EDS1), together with its signalling partners, Phytoalexin deficient4 (PAD4) and Senescence associated gene101 (SAG101), constitutes a central regulatory hub in plant immunity. EDS1 is essential for basal defence and for effector-triggered immune responses mediated via TIR-NB-LRR (Toll-Interleukin1 receptor-Nucleotide Binding site-Leucine Rich Repeat) receptors. EDS1-dependent signalling can be divided into two branches: a salicylic acid (SA)-dependent branch and a SA-independent branch. Flavin-dependent mono-oxygenase 1 (FMO1) is a marker gene for the EDS1-dependent, SA-independent signalling pathway. FMO1 is dependent on EDS1 and PAD4, and plays a crucial role in basal defence and TIR-NB-LRR-mediated immune responses. However, the mechanistic details of FMO1 signalling and other components involved modulation of EDS1-dependent, SA-independent defence signalling are unknown. I aimed at identifying some of these unknown components, using a chemical biology approach and screening for selective compounds that can be used as tools in applications complementing genetic approaches. The advantage of this method lies in its potential to circumvent problems generally encountered in genetic approaches, such as redundancy of gene function, lethality of mutants and pleiotropic effects. I developed a bi-directional screening procedure for chemicals activating or inhibiting FMO1 accumulation, using a transgenic A. thaliana line expressing a YFP-tagged FMO1 protein under control of the native FMO1 promoter in a fmo1-1 mutant background. Three compounds selectively activating FMO1 expression were identified after screening and verification, from amongst a library of 1488 compounds. The selected chemicals; merbromin, monensin sodium salt, and thaxtomin A, could induce expression of FMO1, independent of SA accumulation, thus confirming the SA-independent nature of FMO1 defence regulation. All three chemicals were extensively tested for their role in modulation of plant immune responses. Merbromin leads to the upregulation of several defence genes known to be linked to FMO1, such as EDS1, PAD4 and Isochorismate synthase1 (ICS1). However, it does not induce accumulation of SA and expression of Pathogenesis related1 (PR1), suggesting that it causes perturbations at several points in the FMO1-related signalling pathway. Monensin sodium salt also leads to an increase in expression of EDS1, PAD4, ICS1 and PR1, along with SA accumulation. Monensin sodium salt activates mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which could play a role in induction of FMO1 expression. Thaxtomin A was the most specific modulator of FMO1 signalling, and does not affect early defence responses such as MAPK activation and production of reactive oxygen species. It causes SA accumulation and enhances expression of EDS1, PAD4, ICS1, and PR1. Thaxtomin A-induced FMO1 expression is dependent on EDS1 and PAD4. I found thaxtomin A to be a specific activator of PAD4 expression, with enhanced PAD4 mRNA accumulation, independent of EDS1. There are also indications that PAD4 may have an EDS1-independent role in thaxtomin A-induced FMO1 upregulation. However, the presence of both, EDS1 and PAD4, is essential for maximum upregulation of FMO1 by thaxtomin A. Identification of the molecular target of thaxtomin A may lead to unknown components involved in EDS1-dependent, SA-independent signalling and greater mechanistic knowledge of the signalling pathway.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-64042 | ||||||||
Date: | 6 October 2014 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Außeruniversitäre Forschungseinrichtungen > MPI for Plant Breeding Research | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Life sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 2 December 2014 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/6404 |
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