Universität zu Köln

Yang, A. Y., Urquhart, J. S., Wyrowski, F., Thompson, M. A., Koenig, C., Colombo, D., Menten, K. M., Duarte-Cabral, A., Schuller, F., Csengeri, T., Eden, D., Barnes, P., Traficante, A., Bronfman, L., Sanchez-Monge, A., Ginsburg, A., Cesaroni, R., Lee, M-Y, Beuther, H., Medina, S-N X., Mazumdar, P. and Henning, T. (2022). The SEDIGISM survey: A search for molecular outflows. Astron. Astrophys., 658. LES ULIS CEDEX A: EDP SCIENCES S A. ISSN 1432-0746

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Abstract

Context. The formation processes of massive stars are still unclear, but a picture is emerging involving accretion disks and molecular outflows in what appears to be a scaled-up version of low-mass star formation. A census of outflow activity toward high-mass star-forming clumps in various evolutionary stages has the potential to shed light on high-mass star formation. Aims. We conducted an outflow survey toward ATLASGAL (APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy) clumps using SEDIGISM (structure, Excitation, and Dynamics of the Inner Galactic InterStellar Medium) data and aimed to obtain a large sample of clumps exhibiting outflow activity in different evolutionary stages. Methods. We identify the high-velocity wings of the (CO)-C-13 lines, which indicate outflow activity, toward ATLASGAL clumps by (1) extracting the simultaneously observed (CO)-C-13 (2-1) and (CO)-O-18 (2-1) spectra from SEDIGISM, and (2) subtracting Gaussian fits to the scaled (CO)-O-18 (core emission) from the (CO)-C-13 line after considering opacity broadening. Results. We detected high-velocity gas toward 1192 clumps out of a total sample of 2052, corresponding to an overall detection rate of 58%. Outflow activity has been detected in the earliest (apparently) quiescent clumps (i.e., 70 mu m weak) to the most evolved H II region stages (i.e., 8 mu m bright with tracers of massive star formation). The detection rate increases as a function of evolution (quiescent = 51%, protostellar = 47%, YSO = 57%, UC H II regions = 76%). Conclusions. Our sample is the largest outflow sample identified so far. The high detection rate from this large sample is consistent with the results of similar studies reported in the literature and supports the scenario that outflows are a ubiquitous feature of high-mass star formation. The lower detection rate in early evolutionary stages may be due to the fact that outflows in the early stages are weak and difficult to detect. We obtain a statistically significant sample of outflow clumps for every evolutionary stage, especially for outflow clumps in the earliest stage (i.e., 70 mu m dark). The detections of outflows in the 70 mu m dark clumps suggest that the absence of 70 mu m emission is not a robust indicator of starless and/or pre-stellar cores.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Creators:	Creators Email ORCID ORCID Put Code Yang, A. Y. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Urquhart, J. S. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Wyrowski, F. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Thompson, M. A. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Koenig, C. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Colombo, D. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Menten, K. M. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Duarte-Cabral, A. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Schuller, F. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Csengeri, T. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Eden, D. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Barnes, P. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Traficante, A. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Bronfman, L. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Sanchez-Monge, A. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Ginsburg, A. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Cesaroni, R. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Lee, M-Y UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Beuther, H. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Medina, S-N X. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Mazumdar, P. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Henning, T. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED
URN:	urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-694472
DOI:	10.1051/0004-6361/202142039
Journal or Publication Title:	Astron. Astrophys.
Volume:	658
Date:	2022
Publisher:	EDP SCIENCES S A
Place of Publication:	LES ULIS CEDEX A
ISSN:	1432-0746
Language:	English
Faculty:	Unspecified
Divisions:	Unspecified
Subjects:	no entry
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Keywords Language MASS STAR-FORMATION; H II REGIONS; KEPLERIAN DISK; CO OUTFLOWS; PROTOSTELLAR CANDIDATES; ATLASGAL; SAMPLE; CATALOG; GAS; HOT Multiple languages Astronomy & Astrophysics Multiple languages
URI:	http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/69447