De La Cruz, Nydia Camille (2023). Cellular determinants of Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) invasion in human skin: Unravelling conditions that allow HSV-1 to reach its receptor and internalize. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), which is among the most prevalent of human pathogens, targets mucosa, skin or cornea. The overall aim of this thesis was to explore how HSV-1 is able to invade the highly-protected tissue structure of the human skin, access its cellular receptors on target skin cells for entry, and initiate infection in the epithelium. On the cellular level, the focus was on elucidating the impact of cellular entry mechanisms in successful infection. Previous studies have demonstrated that HSV-1 exploits dual modes of uptake—direct fusion at the plasma membrane and endocytic internalization—to gain entry in keratinocytes, however, attributing the contribution of either pathway is still open. Here, infection of human keratinocytes at low temperature (7°C) was used as a tool to selectively block energy-requiring endocytic processes while permitting plasma membrane fusion. Although the uptake of the endocytic markers was inhibited at low temperature, ultrastructural analyses revealed the presence of free capsids in the cytoplasm as well as enveloped virus particles in vesicles after infection at 7°C. In addition to virus particles undergoing direct fusion at the plasma membrane, characterization of virus-containing vesicles revealed the release of capsids from vesicles by fusion with vesicle membranes. These results strengthen the role of endocytic internalization in successful infection. At the tissue level, the emphasis was on elucidating how HSV-1 overcomes the highly protective barrier function of the human skin to engage a cellular receptor for entry. To gain insights on the early entry events during HSV-1 invasion, ex vivo infection studies using human skin explants were implemented. As expected, the barrier function of full-thickness skin prevented HSV-1 invasion from the apical skin surface. Once the epidermis was separated from the underlying dermis, HSV-1 efficiently infected basal keratinocytes and later gained access to the suprabasal layers. Viral replication inhibitor experiments as well as uptake of labelled latex beads (500 nm) demonstrated the role of virus-induced tissue damage in enabling HSV-1 access to all epidermal layers. In contrast, only single infected cells were detected in the most apical part of the papillary dermis demonstrating that the extracellular matrix acts as a barrier against HSV-1 invasion. Strikingly, while partly open skin lesions of wounded full-thickness skin allowed the enhanced uptake of latex beads, nearly no infected cells were identified at the sites of wounds. Intriguingly, when wounds reached through the dermis, HSV-1 infected epidermal keratinocytes via the damaged dermal layer. To further elucidate the impact of epidermal barrier function in restricting HSV-1 invasion, pathological skin conditions characterized by impaired epidermal barriers were explored. As ex vivo infection of lesional atopic dermatitis (AD) demonstrated viral penetration from the skin surface, Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 were employed to induce AD-like phenotypes in skin without pre-existing barrier defects. Indeed, infected cells in the epidermis of IL-stimulated skin were found indicating that Th2 cytokine-driven inflammatory responses induced modifications that facilitate HSV-1 invasion via the skin surface. Overcoming epidermal barriers must be accompanied by viral engagement of a cellular receptor to initiate infection in the skin. Thus, the distribution of nectin-1, the major receptor on keratinocytes was investigated. To dissect how barrier formation correlated with receptor accessibility, a human epidermal equivalent (HEE) based on primary human keratinocytes was adopted. In undifferentiated keratinocytes, nectin-1 is readily accessible at apical and basolateral surfaces correlating with a high susceptibility to HSV-1. In fully differentiated HEEs, nectin-1 is expressed at the lateral membranes of most epidermal layers although accessibility to the receptor is restricted by functional tight junctions (TJs) in the upper granular layer thus correlating with no infection. Intriguingly, while IL-4/IL-13 stimulation of HEEs resulted in redistributed nectin-1 and TJ components, the IL-induced modifications had very minor effects on facilitated HSV-1 invasion in fully differentiated epidermal equivalents in contrast to human skin explants where IL-stimulation allowed HSV-1 invasion. Moreover, redistributed TJ components in IL-4/IL-13-stimulated skin and AD skin, both of which promote HSV-1 invasion, support the role of TJ barrier defects in the facilitated access of HSV-1 to nectin-1.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-711154 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Date: | 26 September 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Biology > Institute for Genetics | ||||||||||||||||||||
Subjects: | Life sciences | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Date of oral exam: | 6 March 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/71115 |
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