Peters, Henry
(2025).
Health Inequalities in the Covid-19 Pandemic – The Association of Socioeconomic Status and Covid-19 Infections and Outcomes.
PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
This dissertation examines the role of socioeconomic factors and social deprivation in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a particular focus on health inequalities. The aim of the thesis is to explore the relationships between socioeconomic status (SES) and COVID-19 infection rates and disease severity and to analyze how deprivation as a specific indicator of socioeconomic disadvantage influences the risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. This study focuses on two central research questions: (1) To what extent can a relationship be established between SES and COVID-19 in terms of severity and infection rates? (2) To what extent does deprivation as an SES indicator influence negative COVID-19 outcomes such as hospitalizations, intensive care and deaths, and which mediators of this relationship are identified in the current literature? To answer these questions, the dissertation is based on a narrative review and a systematic review with meta-analysis. The analysis is divided into several chapters, starting with a theoretical consideration of the social determinants and their effects on health. The empirical part follows, in which study results on the relationship between social factors and COVID-19 are evaluated and critically discussed. The theoretical framework of this dissertation is based on established models of Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) and Fundamental Causes of Disease (FCoD) theory. The SDoH theory illustrates how external social and economic influences, including income, level of education and housing conditions, shape individual risk and health opportunities. People in socioeconomically disadvantaged positions often have poorer access to health resources, a higher incidence of health burdens and thus an increased risk of illness. The theory of fundamental causes of disease complements this approach and shows that fundamental social and economic inequalities are the causes of health disparities and are often obscured by the focus on immediate health risks, such as individual behavior. In this paper, deprivation is understood as a multidimensional measure of socio-economic disadvantage that takes into account social and environmental influences in addition to material resources. The term therefore differs from SES, as it describes a more comprehensive dimension of social disadvantage that goes beyond financial aspects and includes various living conditions. SES often encompasses income, educational attainment and occupational status, while deprivation includes additional factors such as living environment and access to social services. This differentiated view of SES and deprivation is considered throughout the dissertation and precisely distinguished from one another. The narrative review of this dissertation analyzes studies that shed light on the relationship between SES and COVID-19 mortality or infection rates in order to gain initial insights. The systematic review and meta-analysis, on the other hand, specifically uses studies that use deprivation indices to examine the relationship between social deprivation and negative COVID-19 trajectories in detail. This methodological dichotomy makes it possible both to look at early findings on the general relationship between SES and COVID-19 and to provide an in-depth analysis of the specific effects of deprivation. The empirical results of the dissertation support the hypothesis that low SES and high deprivation have a significant negative impact on the risk of infection and the course of COVID-19. Particularly noteworthy are health risk factors that often occur in socially disadvantaged population groups and increase susceptibility to severe disease progression. Comorbidities such as diabetes, high blood pressure and obesity, which correlate strongly with a low SES, contribute to the fact that the people affected have an increased risk of severe COVID-19 progression. The analysis also shows that people with low SES often work in occupations that entail a higher risk of infection or live in cramped living conditions, which further favors the spread of SARS-CoV-2. In summary, it can be concluded that socioeconomic disadvantages have a significant impact on the course of COVID-19. The work underlines the importance of targeted, socially equitable health policies that aim to reduce social inequalities and better protect particularly disadvantaged population groups. The dissertation makes the case for integrating social determinants of health more strongly into pandemic prevention and working towards a more equitable distribution of health resources in order to optimize health care in times of crisis.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-755540 | ||||||||
Date: | 29 April 2025 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Medicine | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Medicine > Medizinsoziologie, Versorgungsforschung und Rehabilitationswissenschaft > Institut für Medizinsoziologie, Versorgungsforschung und Rehabilitationswissenschaft (IMVR) | ||||||||
Subjects: | Social sciences Political science Medical sciences Medicine |
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Date of oral exam: | 7 February 2025 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/75554 |
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