Büchel, Denis Fabian (2017). Hot Electron Bolometer Mixers for THz Arrays. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Dissertation-Buechel-Denis-Fabian-2017.pdf - Published Version Bereitstellung unter der CC-Lizenz: Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives. Download (47MB) |
Abstract
The focus of this thesis is the development of superconducting Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) waveguide mixers for heterodyne array (multi-pixel) receivers in the frequency range of 2 to 5 Terahertz (THz). These mixers are developed for the 2 x 7 pixel Low Frequency Array (LFA) channel (1.9 THz) and the single pixel H-channel (4.7 THz) of the German REceiver for Astronomy at Terahertz frequencies (GREAT). GREAT operates on the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) on board of an airplane and is a very high spectral resolution (~ 10^7) receiver which allows the observations of the interstellar medium by detection of atomic and molecular line transitions in the range of 1.2 - 4.7 THz. For the LFA at 1.9 THz, in total 34 mixers are manufactured and characterized. 14 of them are currently in operation as a part of the upGREAT receiver channels for GREAT. For the H channel, a single mixer and a spare one are developed and characterized. Previously developed HEB mixers for GREAT, were based on NbTiN as microbridge film material, which resulted in an instantaneous intermediate frequency (IF) noise bandwidth limit of about 2 GHz. The HEB mixer is the component of a heterodyne receiver that limits the instantaneous bandwidth for observations. A minimum bandwidth is required to cover the full Doppler-broadened spectra of e.g. extragalactic sources. Based on the success of previous studies from other groups, NbN was selected for the new generation of upGREAT mixers. The HEB mixers based on a NbN film, with a volume of 4.0 nm x 400 nm x 3100 nm showed a significantly higher LO power requirement compared to the NbTiN mixers. Due to the limited available LO power at GREAT, new wafers with a reduced HEB volume (3.5 nm x 200 nm x 3050 nm) were processed. The LO power requirement was indeed reduced to an average value of 3 times the power needed for NbTiN mixer. In total 20 of these mixers were fabricated and characterized for the commissioning of LFA and the 14 best performing mixers were delivered to GREAT. Another wafer was processed which had the same HEB volume as the previous one but with a slightly thinner film NbN. The LO power requirement for HEB mixers made of this film reduced the averaged value to 0.3 µW, which is comparable to the NbTiN HEB mixers. A further 14 mixers were fabricated and characterized, which now populate 7 mixers of the LFA. For all wafers, the measured noise temperature of the mixers made of NbN and NbTiN, is surprisingly similar. The average measured mixer noise temperature is (430 +/- 20) K and the gain is of (-5.9 +/- 0.2) dB with an averaged IF noise bandwidth of (3.9 +/- 0.1) GHz for mixers from the last two production wafers. The NbTiN mixer had an averaged measured mixer noise temperature of about (500 +/- 50) K and a gain of about (-10 +/- 1) dB with an IF noise bandwidth of (2.1 +/- 0.2) GHz. The measured results show that the NbN HEB mixers are generally superior to NbTiN HEB because the bandwidth is higher and noise temperature is lower. A heterodyne characterization setup has been developed to enable repeatable and well-calibrated measurements of the mixer sensitivity and bandwidth. The IF output chain was optimized to cover the noise bandwidth of the mixer between 0.5 - 5 GHz. Furthermore, the fabrication and assembly of mixer blocks and horn clamps went through a rigorous specification and verification procedure that was set-up together with the in-house mechanical workshop and the group's technician. An empirical investigation of the extended collected data set is performed for the 1.9 THz measurements. The required local oscillator power (P_{LO}) depends in first order linearly on the critical current (I_c) for devices of the same wafer. The slope of P_{LO} (I_c) is wafer dependent. The heat balance equation of the lumped element model is used to calculate theoretically the P_{LO} as a function of I_c. This simple theoretical model does not provide sufficient accuracy for calculation of the P_{LO}. Furthermore, the noise temperature is about a factor of 5 higher than the theoretical value and the mixer gain is about 1 to 3 dB higher. The single mixer for the GREAT 4.7 THz channel is based on the thicker NbN film of the early wafers because sufficient LO power is available for this single mixer from a Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) LO. The measured receiver noise temperature in GREAT at an IF of 0.5 GHz is about 900 K. This receiver sensitivity is comparable to the measured receiver noise temperature of the 1.9 THz mixers for LFA of 800 K. Both receiver channels have a state of the art performance. Based on the experience with the new mixers we can conclude that the reduction of the LO power consumption of a NbN HEB mixer by a factor of 10 by adapting the film parameters and the bolometer dimensions does not change the sensitivity. Both receiver channels of GREAT, the H-channel and the LFA are successfully commissioned in 2014 and 2015 and provided a wealth of astronomical data.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-77163 | ||||||||
Date: | 8 April 2017 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Physics > Institute of Physics I | ||||||||
Subjects: | Physics | ||||||||
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Date of oral exam: | 27 June 2017 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/7716 |
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