Bhogale, Prasanna Mukund
(2025).
Stochastic switching in multistable gene regulatory networks.
PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
The \lac-operon serves as a key model for understanding gene regulation and metabolic adaptation in bacteria. Using theoretical models, computational simulations, and experimental data, this study elucidates the stochastic switching behavior of the \lac-operon between its induced and uninduced states. First, a detailed mechanistic model of the \lac-pathway is established from the extensive literature on the biochemistry of the \lac-operon, encompassing sugar import, repressor production, importer production, dilution rate, and inducer-repressor-DNA interactions, providing a robust framework for analyzing the system. The switching behavior to the induced state is analyzed by first calibrating stochastic simulations of a detailed mechanistic model against experimental data on switching rates. This calibration allows for the identification of rate-limiting fluctuations that drive the switching process. Consequently, minimal theoretical models that agree with experimental observations can be derived and subjected to further study. The study employs the Michaelis constant of inducer import as a fitting parameter and introduces a smoothening procedure to identify the key fluctuations influencing the switching curve. This leads to the development of a closed-form expression for the switching rate as a function of external inducer concentration that matches with experiment and simulations across 3 orders of magnitude. The reverse transition from the induced to the uninduced state has been difficult to study since the induced state is extremely stable and experimental observations of this transitions are sparse. We start by identifying fluctuations relevant to the transition using the \textit{in silico} smoothing procedure, and constructing simplified theoretical models for each relevant fluctuation. These are then combined to develop and master equation for the \lac~system that can be approximated by a 2D Fokker-Planck equation for pump and repressor protein dynamics. This equation is used to calculate the first passage times to the uninduced state. The theoretical predictions agree qualitatively with experiment demonstrating the extreme stability of the induced state and its dependence on repressor numbers and fluctuations. By identifying rate-limiting fluctuations and providing a quantitative framework that links molecular interactions to phenotypic switching behavior, this work advances our understanding of stochastic switching in the \lac-operon and introduces techniques that can be used to analyse other systems.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-787276 | ||||||||
Date: | 6 August 2025 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Physics > Institut für Biologische Physik | ||||||||
Subjects: | Physics Life sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 25 February 2025 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/78727 |
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