Ravichandran, Arvind (2017). Active Dynamics in Filament-Motor Mixtures. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Molecular motors facilitate force generation in the cytoskeletal network necessary for the distribution of organelles and the restructuring of the cytoskeleton within eukaryotic cells. The polymers, such as actin and microtubules, that compose this network are under constant flux due to motors, such as myosin and kinesin. In most cases, many of these motors work together cooperatively to mediate activity at the micron-scale from the nano-scale. As a result, the cytoskeletal network is continually broken down, rebuilt, and redistributed to adapt to the cell’s needs. Although mesoscopic structure and dynamics of such networks have been studied in vitro and in vivo, their connection to nanoscopic, motor-mediated force generation is not well understood. Here, we use two computational modelling approaches to gain insights into the role of nano-scale forces on cellular-scale cytoskeletal structure and dynamics. In the first approach, we use two-dimensional Brownian dynamics simulations to study a dense, confined mixture of rigid microtubules (MTs) and motors. The motors are modelled as active springs, with two arms that can crosslink neighbouring MTs. Each arm walks unidirectionally on their respective attached MT, in the direction of the MT’s polar orientation. The motors can either be tetrameric, with two active arms, or dimeric, with one active arm and one anchored arm. In both cases, motors walk on the crosslinked MTs, causing the springs to stretch. The MTs respond to this force by sliding on each other. MTs also interact with each other through a capped interaction potential, with an independently adjustable attractive component that mimics depletion interactions found in experiments. The confining wall is also attractive, which causes a layer of stabilised MTs to be trapped at the boundary. We show that polarity sorting via dimeric motors produces large polar-aligned MT clusters. This process is slower than the sorting that occurs due to tetrameric motors, which produces polar-aligned bundles. MTs at high surface fractions in dimeric motor systems give multiple dynamic topological defects. This is absent in systems with tetrameric motors. In general, we show that the velocity is strongly dependent on the MT’s local polar order, and dimeric motors cause significantly more dynamic MT networks than tetrameric motors. By decomposing MT velocities based on their polar order, we pinpoint why the asymmetric, dimeric motors are more effective in sliding MTs. Our results, where MTs move faster near the confining wall, are consistent with experimental observations in Drosophila oocytes, where enhanced MT activity is found close to the confining plasma membrane. In the second approach, we develop a two-dimensional, Langevin dynamics model with an effective motor potential, under periodic boundary conditions. The effective motor model, coarse-grains the effect of individual motors and reduces substantially the computational overhead that was previously faced. Since in the first approach we found that MTs are most active when they are antialigned, in this method we construct the MT polarity-dependent potential, such that only antialigned MTs are propelled by the effective motor potential. We control the activity in the system using an antialigned motor probability, and the MT surface fraction by adjusting the simulation box size. We find that the polarity sorting in this model gives large polar-aligned domains, similar to that observed in the confined, dimeric motor systems. The domain size increases with increasing surface fraction, and decreases with increasing motor probability. Also, multiple MTs form coherent streams over long length and time-scales at intermediate surface fractions. The coherence and persistence of streams increases with increasing activity. By separating the parallel velocity distribution into three categories of MT environment polarity, we find that the displacement distribution is skewed largely due to the active antialigned MTs. We also extract an active time-scale at which the skew of the displacement distribution is maximal. Furthermore, we predict that photobleaching experiments of active MT mixtures at intermediate surface fractions will show MT streaming. The circularly-bleached area of MTs will evolve to give elongated shadows. By calculating the collective effects of MTs, and the time-scales at which displacement correlations have their maxima and minima, we find a chronologically-sequenced cascade that leads to MT streaming and advection.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-82321 | ||||||||
Date: | 27 November 2017 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Physics > Institute of Physics I | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Physics |
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Date of oral exam: | 15 January 2018 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/8232 |
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