Müller, Nina (2018). Cancer Evolution and the Emergence of Resistance to Targeted Cancer Therapy. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Targeted therapy to cancer acts on the molecular abnormalities driving a specific tumor. In clinical use, targeted therapies can lead to an impressive, but ultimately short-lived regression of solid tumors: In virtually all cases, a therapy-resistant tumor arises during targeted therapy, thus limiting its long-time efficacy. From a population dynamics perspective, the failure of targeted mono-therapy is inevitable: a sufficiently large population of tumor cells contains therapy-resistant mutants as part of its standing genetic heterogeneity. Therapy then selects resistant mutants leading to a tumor consisting of resistant cells. As resistance to targeted therapy can be caused by diverse molecular mechanisms, targeting one particular resistance mechanism only leads to the emergence of resistance via another. If targeted therapy is to achieve a long-term tumor remission, it needs to address all resistance mechanisms present in a population of cancer cells. As a proof of principle, we systematically derive cell lines resistant to combinations of targeted agents from PC9 cells, a well-studied lung cancer cell line. By characterizing the respective resistant lines, we show that several distinct resistance mechanisms exist simultaneously in the cell population prior to treatment. We derive four cell lines driven by different resistance mechanisms. A drug combination targeting all these mechanisms prevents indefinitely the expansion of resistant cells. Our findings explain why, for solid tumors, long-term control of the disease with targeted therapy has proven elusive so far and point to a treatment strategy differing from current clinical practice: Instead of keeping the treatment fixed until a relapse occurs, tumor evolution has to be anticipated by targeting a broad spectrum of possible resistance mechanisms as early as possible. Our iterative protocol offers a generic approach to explore the spectrum for resistance mutations and can be applied to cell lines driven by different molecular mechanisms. However, large populations also contain non-dividing cells in a drug tolerant state, which a curative treatment would need to eradicate. To study this type of phenotypic heterogeneity, we develop a statistical model to infer growth rates in a population from single-cell lifetime measurements. Our method offers a way to study the dynamics of drug tolerant cells and, if applied to cancer data, could clarify to what extent the drug tolerant state is heritable.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-88158 | ||||||||
Date: | 2018 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Physics > Institute for Theoretical Physics | ||||||||
Subjects: | Physics Life sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 25 September 2018 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/8815 |
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