Thiemens, Maxwell Marzban ORCID: 0000-0002-7835-4402 (2018). Isotope Planetology. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
The quest for in-depth knowledge of the formation and early evolution of the Earth-Moon system is a cornerstone of the planetary sciences. Virtually all chemical studies that address these key questions rely on the availability of extremely ancient rock samples (>4 billion years ago). On Earth's surface, active plate tectonics, weathering, and volcanism have destroyed nearly all ancient samples. Samples from the Moon are sufficiently old but strongly limited in quantity and cover only a small portion of the lunar surface. The Moon is thought to have formed from the residue of an impact (or impacts) into the proto-Earth. There are two schools of thought as to when this occurred, one advocating an "old Moon" forming prior to 100 million years after solar system formation (SSF) and one supporting a "young Moon" forming later than 100 million years after SSF. This debate and the clear definition of the processes involved have continued unabated for the 50 years since lunar samples were first returned by the Apollo missions. A key to deepening our knowledge of these issues resides in understanding the extinct 182Hf-182W decay system in lunar and terrestrial rocks. To address this question, we analyzed a suite of 29 lunar samples from the Apollo missions to better understand the elemental Hf and W budgets of the moon. We used new high-precision, high field strength element (HFSE) analyses, combined with isotopic and experimental partitioning data in line with the lunar magma ocean (LMO) model. Through these methods it is possible to observe lunar mantle-wide heterogeneities in ratios of highly incompatible elements such as U/W, which are traditionally assumed to be invariant. This observation, in conjunction with 182W isotope data for lunar rocks, supports the hypothesis of a Moon covered by a magma ocean after its formation. Crystallization and mixing of this LMO produced different hybrid cumulate sources; thus forming the sources of the distinct rock types found in the lunar sample suite. Under the low oxygen fugacity conditions during lunar mantle partial melting, the low-Ti mare basalt source preferentially retains tungsten (W) over hafnium (Hf). The measured Hf/W values of low-Ti mare basalts thus provide a minimum for the Hf/W of the low-Ti source and by extension of the silicate Moon. We find that the Hf/W of the silicate Moon should lie between 30 to 50, significantly higher than the silicate Earth's modeled Hf/W of 25.8. Combined with a recently reported “global, uniform” 182W excess in lunar samples, we find that in-situ decay of 182Hf, in the time range between 40 to 60 million years after SSF is a superior explanation of the lunar 182W excess instead of a previously suggested disproportionate “late accretion” of extraterrestrial material to the Moon and the Earth. Our finding lends clear support for an "old Moon." We expanded our work on lunar samples to include the KREEP-rich gabbroic meteorite Northwest Africa (NWA) 6950. This meteorite yields new insight into the history of the KREEP reservoir which formed as the final residual melt of the LMO. A previous study had dated the meteorite to 3100 million years ago through Pb-Pb dating of baddeleyite grains. This marks the NWA 6950 meteorite to be the youngest KREEP-like sample available and thus decisive for constraining lunar evolution. We obtained Lu-Hf, Sm-Nd, and Rb-Sr mineral isochrons for this meteorite. Through Lu-Hf dating we found an age of 3103 ± 39 million years ago, perfectly overlapping the Pb-Pb age and underpinning the significance of this meteorite’s isotope systematics to anchor the evolution of KREEP. A Sm-Nd isochron of clean, hand-picked minerals yielded a compatible age of 3052 ± 57 million years ago. Inclusion of all mineral fractions that might have suffered later disturbance yields a young Sm-Nd isochron age of 2900 ± 200 million years ago that is closely akin to previous ages found via Ar-Ar (2800), Rb-Sr (2900), and Sm-Nd (2900) which dates younger resetting. In addition, the Rb-Sr isochron provides an even younger age of ca. 1450 million years ago, although this may bear no geological relevance. The significance of finding these young ages becomes clear considering that several Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr studies aimed to date related meteorites whose history might thus have been characterized incorrectly. The initial εHf of NWA 6950 is the youngest anchor of the KREEP evolution line, from which we determined a time of KREEP formation at 4514 million years ago, or ca. 55 million years after SSF. We therefore found, through an entirely different line of research, independent support for an "old Moon" formation. To calibrate this methodology, we investigated multiple peridotites from the West Eifel volcanic field of Germany that exhibit similarly low abundances of Lu, Hf, Sm, Nd, Rb, and Sr. For this project, three different ion exchange separation techniques were investigated as part of the calibration. Mineral isochrons of Lu-Hf, Sm-Nd, and Rb-Sr all provided a functionally modern age, indicative of a resetting event during the Quaternary. We also found that whole rock, host rock, and mineral compositions argue against equilibration of the host magma and the peridotite xenoliths. The observation that whole rock samples plot off the horizontal isochrons, in contrast, is explained by melt infiltration and grain boundary entrainment which likely postdated the resetting of the isochrons. One peridotite examined in a companion study supervised by myself (M.M. Thiemens) yielded four distinct ages. The Lu-Hf system was reset by a Quaternary age event, while the Hf isotope signature was highly radiogenic, indicative of differentiation from a modern mantle source between 1.22 and 1.76 Ga. Rb-Sr isochron data yielded an age of ca. 635 Ma, and a Sm-Nd age of 235 Ma corresponds with regional uplift. Our findings reveal that fine scaled isotope investigations are potent tools to unravel evolutionary complexities. The wealth of fine scaled information gained from the Eifel peridotite xenoliths once again underlines the stark contrast between the extremely dynamic evolution of the Earth’s lithosphere and mantle when compared to the largely static lunar evolution following LMO crystallization.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-104630 | ||||||||
Date: | 11 November 2018 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Geosciences > Institute of Geology and Mineralog | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Chemistry and allied sciences Earth sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 11 January 2019 | ||||||||
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Funders: | ERC grant 669666 ‘Infant Earth’, DeutscheForschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Projekt no. 213793859 (SP 1385/1-1 to Peter Sprung) | ||||||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/10463 |
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