Heinen, Tobias Johannes Adolf Josef (2008). Characterization of genes involved in recent adaptation. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Background: Random mutations in natural populations are the genetic basis of adaptive evolution. In particular, it is thought that mutations in cis-regulatory regions of genes are important targets for positive selection. Wild populations of house mouse subspecies (Mus musculus) are a convenient model to study molecular mechanisms of adaptation. The two subspecies Mus musculus musculus and Mus musculus domesticus form a zone of secondary contact in middle Europe. In this contact zone hybrid formation as well as hybrid infertility have been documented. Therefore testis genes are an interesting subject for investigating ongoing speciation and adaptation processes in both subspecies. Surveys to compare expression signatures in both subspecies and to find adaptive trait genes were performed previously. Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 7 (Mkk7) and the orphan gene LP10, were identified as adaptive trait genes differentially expressed in testis of Mus musculus musculus and Mus musculus domesticus. The work presented here describes a molecular genetic analysis of both genes as part of a long term approach to provide experimental evidence for natural selection. Approach: RACE, Northern blot and qRT-PCR experiments were performed to resolve the details of the complex expression pattern of different isoforms of Mkk7 in wild mice. Testis expression of Mkk7 in M. m. musculus and M. m. domesticus was examined by situ hybridization. Genomic sequencing of both subspecies identified mutations possibly contributing to cis regulatory differences. A luciferase expression system was developed for testing expression strength of Mkk7 promoter variants. Western blot experiments were performed to follow consequences of Mkk7 expression changes at the protein level. LP10 expression in different mouse species was assessed in Northern blot experiments to track the origin of the gene in the mouse lineage. A LP10 conditional knock-out mouse line was established to study LP10 function in testis. The male reproductive organs and spermatozoa of LP10 knock-out mice were phenotyped. Testis expression of knock-out mice and wild-type mice was compared by microarray analysis. Results: The Mkk7α1 transcript is an isoform specifically expressed in late spermatids in M. m. domesticus. It does not occur in M. m. musculus and is driven by an alternative promoter. A single proximal mutation in this promoter was identified as a possible cause of expression differences in cell culture reporter gene experiments. A potential insulator sequence was found that represses expression in non-testis cells. Evidence for a so far unknown function of Mkk7 in testis is deduced from protein analysis. The translation of a novel peptide is postulated. It appears that LP10 has evolved de novo from a non-coding sequence in the mouse lineage. An orthologous region is present in other mammals, but is not transcribed. This result show that even a locus with multiple exons can form de novo, without any gene duplications involved. The knockout of LP10 in testis does not lead to infertility, but the preliminary results suggest an effect on testis weight and sperm motility. The microarray analysis suggests that a small number of other genes are affected in LP10 knockout mice.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-25955 | ||||||||
Date: | 2008 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Biology > Institute for Genetics | ||||||||
Subjects: | Life sciences | ||||||||
Date of oral exam: | 16 November 2008 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/2595 |
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