Nisar, Hasan (2023). Hypoxia-Induced Radioresistance in Human Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Cell Lines. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Lung cancer accounts for 25 % of cancer-related deaths. Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) constitutes 85 % of all lung cancers. Radiotherapy is used in treatment of over half of lung cancer patients. Tumor hypoxia is associated with treatment resistance particularly in the context of radiotherapy. Targeting tumor hypoxia to increase radiotherapy efficacy has met limited success clinically with no measurable mortality benefit. High linear energy transfer (LET) carbon ions are being used increasingly in cancer clinical trials and have the theoretical advantage of being less sensitive to the influence of oxygen. Studying DNA damage response (DDR) to low- (X-rays) and high-LET ionizing radiation under hypoxia may help identify molecular processes that can be potentially targeted therapeutically to overcome hypoxia-induced radioresistance. Additionally, tumor cells often experience reversible hypoxia due to tumor shrinkage secondary to treatment, neo-angiogenesis as well as intermittent vasospasm of feeding vessels. Thus, impact of reoxygenation on radioresistance also warrants greater understanding. The Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-kB) pathway is associated with cellular inflammatory response to stressors like ionizing radiation and hypoxia and has been associated with enhanced cell survival. However, the role of NF-kB pathway in hypoxia-induced radioresistance remains elusive. Therefore, the radioresistance of NSCLC cells was evaluated under continuous hypoxia and following reoxygenation by performing clonogenic assays following irradiation with the objective of correlating hypoxia induced radioresistance in NSCLC cells to DDR in terms of DNA double strand break (DSB) induction, DSB repair, cell cycle progression as well as activation of pro-survival NF-kB pathway. A549 (p53-wt) and H358 (p53-null) NSCLC cell lines were incubated after seeding for 48 h under hypoxia (0.1 % and 1 % O2) and normoxia (20 % O2) and irradiated using X-rays (200 KeV) and carbon ions (on target energy 25.7 MeV/nucleon). Following irradiation, hypoxic cells were either allowed to reoxygenate (transient hypoxia) or kept hypoxic (continuous hypoxia) till end of experiments. Radioresistance was evaluated in normoxic, continuously hypoxic and transiently hypoxic cells using Puck’s colony forming ability (CFA) assay. DDR four hours following irradiation was assessed at transcriptional level in terms of cell cycle modulation, DNA DSB repair and activation of pro-survival NF-kB pathway by carrying out RNA sequencing and differential expression analysis of relevant genes in continuously and transiently hypoxic cells in comparison to normoxic controls. Cell cycle progression was determined by flow cytometry of cells after staining their nuclei with 4’,6’-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). DSB induction and repair was assessed using gamma H2AX immunofluorescence microscopy and NF-kB pathway activation was evaluated by p65 (NF-kB subunit) nuclear translocation using p65 immunofluorescence microscopy, and by measuring production of NF-kB target proteins, interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-8. CFA assays revealed that hypoxic cells were more radioresistant compared to normoxic controls when they were given 24 h to repair (late plating) following both X-rays and carbon ions exposure. Radioresistance was higher at 0.1 % O2 compared 1 % O2. Continuously hypoxic cells were more radiosensitive compared to normoxic controls when they were immediately re-seeded for growth of colonies following irradiation (immediate plating). This radiosensitivity was reversed if hypoxic cells were reoxygenated following irradiation (transient hypoxia). Carbon ions had a greater relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in killing hypoxic cells compared to X-rays. Cell cycle progression under hypoxia following both X-rays and carbon ions exposure in A549 and H358 cell lines was slowed as indicated by a greater proportion of cells in G1 phase and smaller population of cells in G2 phase compared to normoxic controls. Phase redistribution was similar at 0.1 % and 1 % O2. Differential expression analysis of cell cycle genes revealed weak transcriptional regulation in both cell lines indicating importance of post-translational cell cycle regulation in response to irradiation under hypoxia. Reoxygenation did not affect cell cycle phase distribution in first 24 h. DSB induction assessment based on H2AX foci count 1 h after irradiation was lower under continuous and transient hypoxia in case of X-rays exposure but not in case of carbon ions exposure. No residual DSBs were observed at a dose of 2 Gy X-rays but DSBs induced by carbon ions took longer to resolve compared to those caused by X-rays. Differential expression analysis of DSB repair genes was unremarkable but that for NF-B target genes showed overexpression of several pro-survival and pro-proliferation genes under hypoxia. The gene expression signature of both cell lines was unique with minimal overlap. Gene expression signature also varied following X-rays and carbon ions exposure. In case of H358 cells, reoxygenation resulted in transcriptional regulation of several genes not regulated under continuous hypoxia. IL-6 (following carbon ions exposure) and IL-8 (following both X-rays and carbon ions exposure) were upregulated in A549 cells while in H358 cells, only IL-8 was upregulated upon reoxygenation. Nuclear translocation of cytosolic p65 was found to occur earlier (at 2 h vs. 6 h) in A549 and H358 cells under continuous hypoxia (1 % O2) following both X-rays and carbon ion exposure compared to normoxia. Reoxygenation had a minimal effect on p65 nuclear translocation in A549 cells. In H358 cells, p65 nuclear localization increased in response to reoxygenation but was not affected by irradiation. Both IL-6 and IL-8 secretion by A549 cells was amplified under hypoxia regardless of reoxygenation and irradiation resulted in its further increase. IL-8 secretion by H358 cells was increased under both continuous and transient hypoxia but irradiation further increased its production only under continuous hypoxia. Hypoxia-induced radioresistance in continuously and transiently hypoxic A549 cells following X-rays and carbon ion exposure was found to be associated with cell cycle phase redistribution toward the radioresistant G1 phase, lesser DSB induction, earlier NF-B activation, greater NF-kB target gene expression and higher NF-B target protein synthesis and secretion. The same was true in case of continuously hypoxic H358 cells following X-rays exposure. However, transiently hypoxic H358 cells behaved differently: reoxygenation increased basal p65 nuclear translocation and IL-8 secretion but irradiation did not lead to further increase in p65 nuclear intensity and IL-8 secretion. Hypoxia-induced radioresistance effects faster growing cells (A549) more than less rapidly dividing cells (H358). Reoxygenation does not alter effects of hypoxia on cell survival, DNA damage and cell cycle but it does affect both cell lines differently in terms of NF-kB pathway activation and transcription of its target genes. While this work does not establish a causal relationship between NF-kB activation and radioresistance seen in hypoxic NSCLC cells, the association does show promise for further investigation into NF-kB as a potential molecular target for therapy in NSCLC. Although NF-kB activation is seen following high LET radiation exposure as well, hypoxic cells are more radiosensitive to carbon ions compared to low LET X-rays. Moreover, IL-6 and IL-8 secretion may serve as potential prognostic indicators of radioresistance.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-654600 | ||||||||
Date: | 21 April 2023 | ||||||||
Publisher: | Print Express 24 | ||||||||
Place of Publication: | Cologne | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Medicine | ||||||||
Divisions: | Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Life sciences Medical sciences Medicine |
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Date of oral exam: | 17 March 2023 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/65460 |
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