Rzezonka, Jonas ORCID: 0000-0001-7178-3231 (2023). Analysis of the microscopic structure of pedestrian bottleneck flow based on experiments and simulations. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Improving the understanding of pedestrian crowd dynamics is a growing field with essential contributions from many areas of science utilizing empirical data and mathematical models. Simulations of pedestrian systems are an important method for empirically investigating many scenarios that would be difficult or unethical to study. They can improve the understanding of the pedestrians' interactions with other pedestrians and their environment by focusing on minimal models that can reproduce observed phenomena. Especially the observation of self-organization effects is of interest in that regard. Many of these phenomena in pedestrian dynamics are not unique to the system and are observed in related fields like granular materials, colloids, and active matter. Microscopic phenomena in pedestrian dynamics are partially analyzed by utilizing measures from these related fields. The presented work introduces methods from solid-state physics and granular matter to quantify the spatial order of pedestrian systems. The focus is on bottleneck flow when a crowd has to pass a spatially restricted area (e.g., a door leading to a hall), a crucial scenario in pedestrian dynamics and the flow of granular matter. Several collective effects are observed in this simple scenario. However, the dynamics are not well understood. This can lead to controversies about the origin of observed phenomena, especially in an interdisciplinary field. In a situation where the corridor width leading to the bottleneck is variable, empirical studies found a surprising behavior. The density in narrower corridors decreases, even though a wider corridor allows for more space where pedestrians could distribute. Additionally, lane formation emerges in narrow corridors. It was argued that this is an example of social norms influencing the dynamics of pedestrians. However, the hypothesis is missing convincing evidence. From a physical standpoint, this thesis investigates the phenomenon using a microscopic velocity-based model using simple interactions. To obtain a better understanding of the models' interactions, the scenario of a bottleneck with a wide area in front is further analyzed regarding the spatial order, utilizing the measures and methods used in the study of granular materials. Experimental data and agent-based simulations are analyzed using velocity-based and force-based models. The comparison of the experimental data to the simulations shows that the simulated systems have a higher degree of spatial order, while the experimental data behaves closer to a fluid. A further investigation of simulated systems with a large number of agents and variation in the interactions reveals a rich behavior in the modeled systems, exhibiting increased spatial order, partial jamming, influencing the clogging probability, and a general transformation of the bulk shape in front of the bottleneck.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-655439 | ||||||||||||||||
Date: | 1 May 2023 | ||||||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Physics > Institute for Theoretical Physics | ||||||||||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Physics |
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Date of oral exam: | 2 February 2023 | ||||||||||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/65543 |
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