Parsa, Marzieh
(2018).
Stellar Motion Near the Supermassive Black Hole in the Galactic Center.
PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
General relativity is the least tested theory of physics. The close environment of the supermassive black hole provides us with the perfect laboratory for the investigation of the predictions of this theory. Therefore, the Observation of S-stars in the Galactic center in the near-infrared wavelengths provides the opportunity to study the physics in the vicinity of a supermassive black hole and conduct unique dynamical tests of the theory of general relativity. In my thesis, I use near-infrared high angular resolution adaptive optics images of the central stellar cluster acquired with the NACO instrument at the Very Large Telescope of the European Southern Observatory, from 2002 to 2015. In addition, I employ the published astrometric and line of sight velocity data obtained with the Keck telescope from 1995 to 2013. I use the SiO maser sources in the wide field of view of the NACO S27 camera. The positions and motions of these maser sources and the position of Sgr A*, the supermassive black hole in the center of the Galaxy, is known in the radio regime. Therefore, I find the connection between the near-infrared data and the radio reference frame. Next, I connect the images of the S27 camera to the images of the S13 camera, in which the S-stars are observable in the central arcsecond, using six overlap stars. Moreover, I use the linear motion of five isolated S-stars to overcome the small distortion in the images of NACO. Then I focus on the three stars known to have the shortest orbital periods, i.e., S2, S38, and S0-102 (also known as S55). I extract the astrometric positions of these three stars in the near-infrared reference frame. Using the astrometric and radial velocity data, I calculate their six Keplerian orbital elements and the gravitational potential parameters of Sgr A*, simultaneously. To calculate the orbits, I apply the fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration technique on equations of motion with both the Newtonian and first-order post-Newtonian relativistic models. I use a minimum chi^2 method for the fitting procedure and evaluate the uncertainties by the Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique. The important results from the procedure are an estimate of the central mass of M-BH = (4.15 +- 0.13 +- 0.57) x 10^6 M-sun and the distance to the Galactic center of R-BH = 8.19 +- 0.11 +- 0.34 kpc. In addition, since S2 is on an orbit with a short orbital period and a large eccentricity, it motivates me to develop a practical method to probe the general relativistic effects introduced by the strong gravitational potential of the supermassive black hole. I find a correlation between the deviation of a relativistic orbit from a Keplerian one and a suitable relativistic parameter. I choose the relativistic parameter Y = r-s/r-p, with r-s being the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole and r-p the impact parameter, i.e., the closest approach. The deviation of a first-order post-Newtonian orbit from a Keplerian one can be seen as the changes of orbital parameters, such as the semimajor axis, eccentricity, and the argument of periapse. The semimajor axis and eccentricity change when comparing the upper and lower halves of the orbit, and the argument of periapse changes when comparing the pre- and post-periapse halves of the orbit. To find the correlation, I use a first-order post-Newtonian approximation to simulate the orbits of several stars with a wide range of periapse distances lying inside the orbit of S2. The found correlation is then applied on S2. For the orbit of S2, with the mass of the black hole and the orbital parameters calculated previously, I expect a relativistic parameter of Y = 0.00065 from theory. Using this new method, I find a value of Y = 0.00088 +- 0.00080, which is within the uncertainty in agreement with the expected theoretical value. Moreover, for the variations in the argument of periapse of S2, I find Delta omega = 14 arcmin +- 7 arcmin, which agrees with the theoretical periapse shift of 11 arcmin. Finally, I rule out any other perturbing effect that could generate the similar results, such as the noise on the stellar positions, rotation of the image, or the drifts of the black hole. My analysis shows for the first time that the subtle effects predicted by general relativity on the orbits of stars close to the supermassive black hole, can be obtained from our current observations. S2 is the first star on an orbit around a supermassive black hole for which a post-Newtonian effect has been measured.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-81859 | ||||||||
Date: | 1 April 2018 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Physics > Institute of Physics I | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Physics |
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Date of oral exam: | 10 October 2017 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/8185 |
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