Kauppila, Timo Eino Sakari ORCID: 0000-0003-1668-6003 (2017). Mitochondrial DNA Mutagenesis in Metazoa: From Phenotypes to Rescue. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
All metazoans possess subcellular organelles of α-proteobacterial origin called mitochondria. These organelles participate in various cellular functions including cellular respiration, apoptosis, cell signaling and fatty acid oxidation. Although most mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear DNA and imported into mitochondria post-translationally, mitochondria still retain a small circular double-stranded multicopy genome (mtDNA) which encodes 13 essential proteins of the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) in addition to the transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) needed to translate the mtDNA-encoded messenger RNAs (mRNAs) within mitochondria. Therefore, faithful maintenance of mtDNA is essential for mitochondrial function and organismal viability. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to ageing and ageing-associated diseases in various organisms. One group of dysfunctions is caused by mtDNA mutations, which are thought to originate from random replication errors of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase (POLγ). The amount of mtDNA mutations increases with age in humans and experimentally increasing mtDNA mutation load in mice results in a progeria phenotype. However, it is still unclear whether mtDNA mutations are limiting the lifespans of short-lived organisms such as fruit flies. To answer this question we first characterized POLγ variants with modified proofreading or polymerase activities in vitro. These variants were thereafter introduced into fruit flies using genetic engineering. Surprisingly, increasing mtDNA mutation load had no effect on fly physiology or ageing due to the slow accumulation of mtDNA mutations within the short lifespan of fruit flies and even across generations. These results suggest that mtDNA mutations are not limiting the lifespan of wild type fruit fly populations. Due to the multicopy nature of mtDNA, mutations can be present in only some of the molecules (heteroplasmy) or all of the molecules (homoplasmy) in a cell or tissue. It has been reported that pathogenic mtDNA mutations only cause mitochondrial dysfunction if they are present above a certain threshold level that depend on the type of mutation and the energetic requirement of the affected tissue. The heteroplasmy level is defined as the percentage of all molecules carrying the mutation. However, it has been also argued that the heteroplasmy level is, to some extent, irrelevant and that it is the absolute number of WT mtDNA copies that determines disease penetrance. To test this theory we took advantage of the mtDNA mutator mouse model, which carries proofreading-deficient POLγ and presents with male sterility. Overexpressing mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), a well-characterized regulator of mtDNA copy number, was sufficient to partially rescue mitochondrial dysfunction and to cure the male infertility of this mouse model without affecting the mtDNA mutation load. These results provide the first experimental evidence that the absolute number of WT mtDNA molecules determines disease penetrance and offers a strategy to rescue mitochondrial dysfunction originating from mtDNA mutations.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-83425 | ||||||||
Date: | November 2017 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Außeruniversitäre Forschungseinrichtungen > MPI for Biology of Ageing | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Life sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | January 2018 | ||||||||
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Funders: | Finnish Cultural Foundation | ||||||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/8342 |
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