Miranda Vergara, Maria del Pilar (2018). Mitochondrial DNA gene expression and consequences of its loss in mammals. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles that fulfil multiple essential functions, including the generation of the vast majority of the cellular energy currency adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. Mitochondrial dysfunction is found in severe inherited metabolic disorders with a broad clinical spectrum, in several common age-related diseases, and has been associated with the ageing process itself. Mitochondrial biogenesis depends on the expression of two cellular genomes. While the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) encodes a few essential subunits of the OXPHOS system and the transfer and ribosomal RNAs required to translate these subunits in mitochondria, most mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome (nDNA). The mechanisms regulating the expression of mtDNA are still largely unknown and how disrupting this process leads to pathogenic phenotypes is poorly understood. The first aim of this thesis was to elucidate the in vivo function of the mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT) in the regulation mtDNA gene expression. We generated and characterized transgenic mouse models with varying gene dosage of Polrmt to investigate the role of POLRMT and the splice variants of the Polrmt gene in mammals. These Polrmt models included a whole-body knockout, a heart and skeletal muscle knockout, a heterozygous knockout, and an overexpressing mouse strain. Our findings reveal that Polrmt only codes for a mitochondrial isoform, POLRMT, and that no other RNA polymerase can replace its function. We show that POLRMT has two essential roles in mammalian mitochondria, i) it is the only RNA polymerase transcribing mtDNA, and ii) it synthesizes the RNA primers required for mtDNA replication. Moreover, our data suggests that POLRMT is part of a mechanism involving promoter-specific transcription initiation that coordinates the switch between mtDNA replication and transcription. Finally, we show that POLRMT is the limiting factor for transcription initiation and that it is frequently loading at the promoters to initiate transcription, whereas productive near-genome length mitochondrial RNA (mt-RNA) synthesis is regulated at the elongation level. The second aim of this thesis was to investigate the cellular consequences of disrupting mtDNA gene expression and the progression of OXPHOS deficiency. We performed a systematic comparison of the mitoproteome and total cellular transcriptome from heart of five knockout mouse models, each deficient in an essential factor acting at a specific level of gene expression regulation. We also studied the mitoproteome changes during normal post-natal development in mouse heart and followed proteome changes in a model with progressive OXPHOS deficiency in the heart. Surprisingly, we found a decline in the intra-mitochondrial Q biosynthesis pathway that correlates with the progressive OXPHOS deficiency. Furthermore, we found that cellular stress responses, likely mediated by the myc proto-oncogene protein (MYC) and the cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF4 (ATF4) transcription factors, are activated very early in the progression of OXPHOS deficiency. These cellular responses include the upregulation of enzymes of the mitochondrial one-carbon (1C) pathway, proline synthesis, and mitochondrial proteases and chaperones. In conclusion, the work presented in this thesis has identified fundamental mechanisms of regulation of mtDNA gene expression in vivo and pinpointed primary and secondary consequences of impaired expression of mtDNA. This work has not only important implications for our understanding of the function of this essential organelle but it has also identified novel mechanisms involved in mitochondrial pathology that can be relevant for patient diagnosis and future treatment strategies.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-86615 | ||||||||
Date: | 2018 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Außeruniversitäre Forschungseinrichtungen > MPI for Biology of Ageing | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Life sciences Medical sciences Medicine |
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Date of oral exam: | 4 September 2018 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/8661 |
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