Sitte, Matthias (2012). Quantum Hall Effect and Surface Criticality in 3D Topological Insulators. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Topological insulators are unique quantum states of matter. Although they behave like ordinary insulators in the bulk, states involving massless Dirac fermions at the surface of such materials are found to be metallic. Since their discovery in two-dimensional HgTe quantum wells, topological insulators have been very actively studied, both experimentally and theoretically. In this thesis, we investigate how a magnetic field induces one-dimensional edge channels when the two-dimensional surface states of three-dimensional topological insulators become gapped. The Hall effect, which can be measured by contacting those edge channels, remains integer-quantized even when the topological $\theta$-term in the bulk (and the associated surface Hall conductivities $\sigma_{xy}^{\mathrm{surf}}$) are not quantized due to time-reversal symmetry breaking. We show that the quantization of the Hall conductivity $\sigma_{xy}^{\mathrm{Hall}}$ arises as the $\theta$-term changes by $\pm 2 \pi n$ along a loop around $n$ edge channels. Analytical calculations on a model based on strained HgTe are presented, which show how the interplay of orbital and Zeeman effects leads to quantum Hall transitions where channels get redistributed along the edges of the crystal. This network of edges, the existence of which we confirm by numerical tight-binding calculations, opens up new possibilities to investigate the coupling of edge channels. In the last part of this thesis, we investigate whether long-ranged Coulomb interactions, controlled by the dimensionless coupling constant $\alpha = 1/(\hbar \epsilon v_F^{\mathrm{surf}} \epsilon)$, can induce spontaneous symmetry-breaking on the surfaces of a three-dimensional topological insulator, thereby creating a gap in the metallic surface states. This would allow an anomalous quantum Hall effect without explicitly breaking time-reversal invariance, i.e., without the application of an external magnetic field. We find that one prerequisite for observing this effect is to reduce the Fermi velocity $v_F^{\mathrm{surf}}$ of the surface Dirac fermions. However, we find that screening due to bulk metallic states renders the effective interaction strength $\alpha$ small instead of large and therefore prevents chiral symmetry breaking. We confirm this scenario by explicit numerical tight-binding calculations for various models in slab geometries, and by an analytical calculation of the corresponding polarization functions. We also derive topological criteria for the existence of flat surface bands and discuss under which conditions short-ranged Hubbard interactions may lead to an interaction-induced band gap in the surface states. In particular, we find a generic scenario for a surface band gap due to local interactions in the Fu-Kane-Mele model.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-49258 | ||||||||
Date: | 25 November 2012 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Physics > Institute for Theoretical Physics | ||||||||
Subjects: | Physics | ||||||||
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Date of oral exam: | 15 October 2012 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/4925 |
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